How Do I Spend My Free Time Essay

Nowadays, some people consider that children have too much leisure time and in spite of wasting it, they should use it to do more school work. In my opinion, I think children should use their free time wisely to develop their skills not only in school work but also in their life. Firstly, we all know that people cannot keep on working all the time. We need to stop and relax ourselves. And after a long day in school, children also need to relax. In their free time, they can play games, have a small party or even talk to each other to refresh their mind and keep themselves away from the stressful atmosphere of the school. The games or sports that I play make me more reflexive, faster, and stronger both physically and mentally. For example in tennis, the player has to run, focus on the ball and swing the bat accurately at the same time. Children can improve their body, their reflections and their brain at the same time. Another thing that I do in my free time is pottering around in the garden with my mother. She plants a fair bit of flowers and I enjoy helping her take care of them. It is a pleasure to feel the soil, prune the plants, remove the weeds and do the little things that help the plants grow better. It always fills me with wonder to watch seedlings germinate, leaves sprout and eventually grow to produce beautiful flowers. Social skills play an important part in me daily life. People do not need to be good at their knowledge but they also need know how deal with people. With a large amount of free time, I have joined some social activities which can give me a lot of ideas about the right manners and attitudes for my future life. At night, I usually do a bit of reading before going to bed. Books are like little treasure chests. A lot of information and knowledge are to be found in them and all it takes is a bit of time spent reading them. This is certainly a very beneficial way to spend my free time. After a spot of reading, it is time for bed and on to another day.

Crime scene Essay

Review Questions 1. What is physical evidence? Provide at least three examples in your answer. Physical evidence is anything that can establish a crime that has happened and anything that links the crime and the criminal. Physical evidence might include objects like weapons, fibers and hair. 2. Describe three ways that a crime scene can be recorded. What is a benefit of each? Photography can show crime scenes at wide angles and can be taken at different vantage points. Drawings can show the location of evidence and contain accurate accounts of the distances. Notes contain description of the crime scene and location of evidence. 3. What is a chain of custody? Why is it important? Chain of custody is a list of persons who had possession of the evidence during the crime investigation. Chain of custody is important because it shows who has access to the evidence and indicates that it has been in the possession of law enforcement. 4. What three types of photographs are taken at crime scenes? Describe each type? Overview Photographs are taken at different points to show any entries and exits to the crime scene. Intermediate Photographs helps to show the evidence in relation to other objects in the room. Close up Photographs are taken to help record specific details that may not b picked up by photographs taken from longer ranges. 5. Why is it important to record the crime scene? It is important to record crime scenes because it helps to create a chain of custody showing what is present at the scene and its location as well as over all location. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why is it important to secure the crime scene? What do you think would be the most difficult part of doing this? The main reason is that has the potential for contaminating or destroying evidence even if they don’t mean to do so. The most difficult part about this is reporters, civilians and family getting in the way. 2. What type of recording do you think would be the most useful to crime investigators? Why? Videography would be a useful recording tool in a investigation because of recording and the visual elements of the scene. 3. What do you think would be the best method of submitting evidence to a crime lab? Why? 4. What type of evidence do you think would be most difficult to collect? Why? Trace evidence would be difficult to find because its small ad not easily seen. 5. What does the Fourth Amendment protect against? Do you agree with these restrictions on collecting evidence? Why or why not? The fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches & seizures agree with the restrictions because it has to be in plane site or have probable cause.

Behavior Change Plan to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease

Behavior Change Plan to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle Behavior to Prevent a Reoccurrence of Coronary Heart Disease James J. Speen Introduction Justification for choosing the health behavior I am a 57 year old male, diagnosed with diabetes mellitus II, and cardiovascular disease stemming from atherosclerosis. In March of 2006, I experienced an acute angina pectoris attack while testing for a brown belt in Tae Kwon Do. The angina attack led to an emergency department visit at a local health facility and ultimately culminated in a quadruple coronary artery bypass graph (CABG). My healthcare providers are continually stressing the importance of making healthy choices and maintaining a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent a reoccurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Further, supporting my physician’s opinion, Ferris, Kline, and Bourdage (2012) state that â€Å"biopsychosocial health displayed no direct relationship to CHD risk, but positively predicted a healthier lifestyle. A healthier lifestyle was related to lower levels of CHD risk.† Over the past 6 months, I have strayed from my regimen of healthy eating and daily exercise and am beginning to feel the negative effects of weight gain, sore joints, and decreased endurance during physical activity. It is now behavior modification time. This will be accomplished by discontinuing my current unhealthy behaviors and resuming a healthy lifestyle consisting of a regimen of eating heart healthy foods and exercise. Justification for the behavior change plan I used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model, as outlined in our textbook, Health Psychology A Biopsychosocial Approach (Straub, 2012) to evaluate my current behavior. First, I determined that continuing my behavior would eventually lead to another CABG or even worse my death. Secondly, after considering my doctor’s views regarding CHD prevention through lifestyle modification; I chose to comply with my healthcare provider’s advice. And finally, I rea lized that I am the only one who can manage my controllable health risk factors. Method Materials and Procedure I monitored my pre-change caloric intake, blood glucose, and physical exercise levels for seven days. My caloric intake and amount of exercise was recorded using the MyFitnessPal mobile application. Blood glucose levels were measured each day with a OneTouch Ultra 2 blood glucose meter. Glucose measurements were performed twice each day at 6:00a.m. and at 10:00p.m.. This data was used to establish my base line cardiac healthy lifestyle compliance. After this period, I enacted a behavior change plan to regain control over my controllable cardiac health risk factors. I added the use of a H o Medics model KS-701 digital dietary scale to accurately measure my food portions and increased the amount of water that I consumed daily. Additionally, 1 hour of cardiovascular and strength training exercises was added to the daily regimen. Caloric intake and exercise activity were recor ded using the MyFitnessPal mobile application and blood glucose was measured with the OneTouch Ultra 2 blood glucose meter. Nutritional data consisting of caloric intake, carbohydrates, fat, protein, cholesterol, sodium, sugar, and fiber from the MyFitnessPal application along with blood glucose data, was imported into an Excel spread sheet for data comparison and analysis. Average daily values for each category were computed for both the pre-behavior change and behavior change periods.

Bribery and Corruption in China's Construction Industry Essay

Bribery and Corruption in China's Construction Industry - Essay Example In the end, the approach proposed in this paper may hopefully provide a new understanding of bribery and corruption in the Chinese construction industry. The contemporary world’s experience of globalisation is a unique phenomenon known only in the last fifty years (Soros, 2002). Globalisation has opened the doors of the global market, which has paved the way for countries across the globe to redefine their national and international trading relations. In this regard, China’s response to the demands and challenges of globalisation has stirred worldwide interest as China’s economic growth in the past twenty years have been considered as remarkable and even to some â€Å"miraculous† (Sachs & Woo 1993). Studies have shown that the fast phase economic growth of China in the past twenty years can be attributed to the coming together of multi-factors that creates the proper ambiance and environment for economic progress and development (Haddad, 2007). However, it is undeniable that China’s economic policy of opening its door to international trade is appreciated as one the strongest and clearly perceptible decisive impetus that drives and hastens China’s economic growth. (Yao 2006; Chen & Feng 2000; Fukasaka ,Soligna, & Lecomte 1996; Liu et al 2002). And in the context of China’s rapid economic progress, the contribution of one industry is undeniable – the construction industry. China’s construction industry plays a pivotal role in the China’s economic progress. The construction industry in China is worth US $ 93 billion, it employs nearly 24 million people (more than 5%of the total labour force); it accounts for more than 6% of the GDP, and has been growing at an average rate of nearly 10%since 1979 (Daud & Zong, 2005). Being such, the high performance of China’s construction industry makes the industry one of the most successful and lucrative

One of the three topics in the instruction Essay

One of the three topics in the instruction - Essay Example To cope up with these challenges the academic institutions and recruitment authorities should perform their responsibilities. The American Dental Education Association has declared that the healthcare providers have failed to give proper treatment competent to the cultural differences to the minorities which call for a diverse workforce (ADEA, 2005). The healthcare providers especially the dentists should concentrate towards increasing the workplace diversity as it is the first step to strength the relationship between the doctor and patient. The healthcare providers are somewhat successful in serving patients who belong to their own race or culture but when it comes to the minorities it becomes crucial for them to give equal treatment and therefore the workforce must be racially diverse. The Sullivan Commission Report states that 62% of black patients are treated by black dentists and 10.5% of black patients are treated by white dentists (Sullivan Commission on Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce, 2004). This clearly indicates that the health care services are highly affected by the racial differences. Another factor that emphasizes upon the need of workforce diversity is that the patients belonging to different cultures have entirely different beliefs for instance, in among Muslims anyone out of the immediate family cannot touch a woman and these women ask for a female doctor for themselves, for such conditions there should be a healthcare provider who clearly understand the patient’s reservations and can deal with their insecurities. The workplace diversity also minimizes the communication barriers between the patient and doctor. When the doctor communicates in the language of the patient and satisfies him with his concern and knowledge about his background then the patient feels comfortable and easily discusses the

Respond to the discussion about Aristotle (for online Essay - 1

Respond to the discussion about Aristotle (for online class-introduction to Ethics) - Essay Example Two brothers who are given the same up-bringing turn out to be different in their personalities because of the difference of experiences that they go through. No one is born to act in a certain way, though the ups and downs of life do have a role in depicting an individual’s personality and attitude. However, I do not agree with you when you say that the vicious people can be changed. We can try to change them, but there are several controlling factors that are beyond our control. 2. You have made a good attempt to support your assertion with scientific discussion. However, you have mentioned partial agreement with Aristotle’s conception, approving which I have reservations. It is right that an individual’s characteristic traits are determined by his/her genes. But we should realize that anger is present in every human being to varying degrees. Similarly, kindness, gentleness, arrogance and such other traits are all existent in all of us and in fact, have a big r ole in making us act like humans. However, there are some that control their anger, and there are others who are controlled by their anger. What matters is, how much effort one puts into suppressing the negative feelings and promoting the positive ones. This is what virtuosity and viciousness is all about, and the environmental influence and an individual’s experiences play a decisive role in making him/her virtuous or vicious.

History of a food item Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of a food item - Essay Example The name for the new beverage was proposed by John Pemberton's book keeper Frank Robinson. The pharmacist business met difficulties immediately: the same year was signed by a prohibition law that persuaded the chemist and unsuccessful businessman Pemberton to change his 'brand's' name and alter the formula for his commonly-used nerve tonic and headache remedy, 'Pemberton's French Wine Coca', offered by a number of drug stores. Thus, when the 'revived' coca-cola re-appeared in druggists', it possessed "the valuable tonic and nerve stimulant properties of the coca plant and cola nuts, yet sweetened with sugar instead of wine--Pemberton advertised it not only as a delicious, exhilarating, refreshing and invigorating" soda-fountain beverage but also as the ideal temperance drink" (Levenstein, 1993, p.152). Although the inventive pharmacist died just two years later, in March 1888 (Anderson, 1958), by that time he had created a corporation of the first coca-cola brand, concocted by his partners. On January, 1893, the formula was patented in order to protect intellectual property of the founders. And the coca-cola soft drink, whole unit sales totaled only 3,200 servings per day (ibid), is nowadays called the world's most widespread beverage, acknowledged and consumed in 195 countries. It is interesting to note that until the beginning of 1960s, countryside and big city inhabitants took their favorite beverages from the local soda fountains or ice cream saloons. These places served as meeting places for youngsters as well as seniors; but the rapid development of fast-food area and the area of bottled beverages was followed by the decline of popularity of soda fountain counters. Nevertheless, the status of coca-cola even benefited from this development, since small restaurants were so cozy and convenient that their customers took several servings of coca-cola for one person in order to stay there for a longer time. April 1985 was signed by a sensation: the 'New Coke' formula was released. This was called 'the trade secret release'. A trade secret is defined as information allowing an individual to make money, "because it is not generally known. A trade secret could be a formula, computer program, process, method, device, technique, pricing information, customer lists or other non-public information. If the economic value of a piece of information relies on it being kept private, it could be a trade secret" (Pendergast, 1993, p.208). As for coca-cola, its trade secret was a real miracle, and marketing and advertising techniques were concentrated (especially during the Great Depression, up to the 1970s) on the atmosphere of 'mystery' that covered the invention and the process of creation of the beverage (Belasco, 1988). This marketing campaign is ongoing, even though it has new shape nowadays. The research of the 1980s suggested that coca-cola is not exactly safe for human health, so the formula has been changed several times from 1987 up to these days. Being unable to create a 'healthy' image of the beverage, the marketers are now putting stress upon it's style and fashion, as the trade mark collaborates with several areas of sport and fashion industries. In addition, in order to meet the requirements of American youngsters, the company launched the production of 'Coca-Cola Vanilla', 'Coca-Cola Cherry' and 'Coca-Cola Light' (for those who follow low-caloric diets). The 1996 Summer

THE NEW MUMBAI COLLEGE PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

THE NEW MUMBAI COLLEGE PROJECT - Assignment Example This rear connection can either be removable or permanent (Constructions methods and technical specifications of Clinton county Engineer: Online). The backhoe loader is small and versatile. The excavator is earth moving equipment that is used for digging works and demolition of structures. They normally come in different sizes but they all have the same design. They are normally made with a pivotal cab that is located on the undercarriage. An arm that extends from the middle is connected to a bucket and on each side; the excavator has tracks that are normally used for mobility. Thirdly, the bulldozer is an item that comes in the form of a tractor and has an undercarriage in the form of a track (Winch, 2008). It has a metal blade that is connected to the front part of the bulldozer and it is used to push loads that are very heavy including sand and refuse after structures have been demolished. The blades of the bulldozer can be changed from time to time. The dump trucks are earth moving equipments that normally allow the transportation and deposition of materials at construction sites. An important feature of the dump trucks is that they provide an efficient mode of transport. The dump trucks are capable of being driven for distances that are long without causing any conflicts with the flow of the normal traffic (Winch, 2008). Skid steer loaders are also earth moving equipment that are simple and are capable of turning on their own footprints. They have wheels and this increases their traction in surfaces such as mud, snow and this helps to reduce the amount of soil compaction while their trend system prevents any damage to the finished parts (Winch, 2008). Trenchers are heavy equipment that is used to dig trenches for laying down pipe networks. They are very appropriate for trenching asphalt and other hard surfaces (Reese et al, 2004). The trencher normally has a conveyor system that carries the excavated materials and deposits it next to the

Sustainable Agricultural System for Cities Research Paper

Sustainable Agricultural System for Cities - Research Paper Example Therefore, food insecurity could become a daily phenomenon to those who are already experiencing shortage of food supply or had serious lack of it in any given time of the year. When food insecurity occurs in a given household it affects children, adults, family members, and in general any given community in the US. According to Economic Research Service (ERS), more than 85% or close to 102 million households in the US had not food insecurity problem in the year 2011. In the US food insecurity occurs when household do not have enough money to buy the food they need for normal sustenance. ERS states that close to 15% or 18 million households in the US falls under the category of food insecure households for the year 2011. Another 9% or around 11 million households in the US had suffered a lower level of food insecurity in 2011 according to the same research agency. Those categorized in this group were better off that the above food insecure group because their case was shortage of food for lack of having enough money and were able to make up for the shortage by relying on federal food assistance programs and by obtaining emergency food from various charitable outlets and pantries. There was also another group labeled as very low food security group that numbers around 7 million and made up 5.9% of the population and such households could have experienced hunger at some time in the year 2011, due to lack of their own resources to obtain the required food supply. Furthermore, it is possible to look at the food insecurity by the number of people who lived in households afflicted by such problems, where around 50 million people had lived in households labeled as food insecure, another 12 million people had lived in a highly food insecure households, while between 8 and 9 million children had lived in food insecure households in the year 2011. This particular program helps around 40

Civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Civil engineering - Essay Example All the facilities and infrastructures that we use in our everyday activities are works of civil engineers and therefore the discipline can be regarded as one of the oldest profession (Agrawal and Dill, 76-82). The field of civil engineering has been improving over the years. The improvement has been possible first due to the development of technology and through building innovatively on the previous works. As the field develops, it has been focusing attention on solving the present challenges in the lives of men. I have chosen civil engineering because it gives me a chance to join the group of innovators and developers who design and build the best and most significant features in the world. Being an engineer has always been my dream throughout school. I always enjoyed as buildings grew from a bare ground, and roads and highways traversed a previously wild area. This always made me feel the urge to be part of the development. In high school, I was keen to notice excellence in physics and mathematics was the way to achieving my dream. The main aspect of the discipline that interests me most is the innovativeness that is encouraged in civil engineering. Different from architecture, in civil engineering there is more that drawing of designs. There is the actual touch of the work and appreciation of results. Civil engineers are capable of assessing the needs of the population better and implement solutions through designing and building of what the population needs. Besides this, civil engineering will allow me to travel to many places and meet many different kinds of people and cultures which has always been my hobby. One of the grand challenges in engineering today is the restoration and improvement of urban infrastructure. Urban transport and other fundamental life supporting systems are facing a challenge related to the increasing urban population. Moreover, the infrastructure in many cities is slowly aging and failing as a result. It is

The Postmodern Proletariat Essay Example for Free

The Postmodern Proletariat Essay ABSTRACT Although the landscape of the business world has changed dramatically, there is disagreement among scholars as to whether Marx’s theory of alienation still applies to the current workplace environment. Although the advent of unions and teamsters groups, employee stock options and ownership sharing plans, and job benefits seem to ameliorate working conditions thereby minimizing the existence of alienation, some scholars believe that other inventions from capitalism such as globalization and information technology communications offset the balance gained from these improvements in labor relations thereby further promulgating its effects. Using historical observation from the early years of capitalism in America, social identity theory, and literature on information technology and corporate cultural diversity, a disparity emerges regarding how the social alienation of minorities differs from that of non-minority members. A dialectical inquiry is made to determine how the history of capital labor in America is related to social alienation based on a worker’s racial or cultural heritage. INTRODUCTION Some scholars suggest that Marxian theory is antiquated and that due to advances in technology, the evolution of industry and the change in the way business is conducted, individuals in the workplace may experience less alienation than before. The evolution of organizational and employee developments such as the unions and teamsters groups, employee stock options and ownership sharing plans, and job benefits may offer explanations as to why symptoms of alienation have yet to birth a proletariat revolution as theorized by Marx. Additionally, socio-economic â€Å"safety nets† established by legislation to save capitalism such as the creation of the â€Å"living wage†, welfare, child labor laws, equal employment opportunity and affirmative action programs, and social security have also assisted in the maintenance of capitalism thereby minimizing the impact alienation has on individuals in the workplace. However, for most minorities and women these developments that have occurred throughout American history have done little to ameliorate alienation because until approximately the last 30 – 40 years few labor laws were designed with minorities in mind. As a matter of fact, even legislation designed to protect minorities and women is often challenging to enforce, allowing alienation to exist from factors including unequal employment opportunities, a lack of diversity in the workplace, and unequal pay between men and women or based on race. Research suggests that women and minorities on average still make as little as between 75% 80% of white men’s wages in paid labor. Marx has been criticized for overlooking this stratum of alienation based on race and gender that illuminates a different face of capitalism. Marx proposed four dimensions of alienation that can be classified as self, social, product, and means of production. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how alienation occurs in different ways overlooked in the literature by redefining the worker through the lens of social identity theory which may explain how alienation is a relative concept. Questions will be addressed such as which workers may experience relative alienation? What other forms of alienation exist and to whom may it apply? And how can the new proletariat be effectively managed in efforts to reduce anxiety as a result of social or cultural dissonance? Following a brief literature review of Marxian theory, social identity theory, and literature on information technology, I will examine how the expansion of capitalism has spawned a modern more diverse proletariat that still experiences alienation, but in varying degrees that differ from non-minority workers. This paper will theoretically demonstrate how time affects the social alienation of minorities in a manner different than non-minority members resulting in a dialectical inquiry of how the history of capital labor in America is related to social alienation. LITERATURE REVIEW The link between capitalism and labor Throughout the history of the world, it is labor power which has elevated any so called civilized society. According to Marx, before the emergence of capitalism, society was more communal and each person in society contributed his/her own labor where it was needed and in the way best suited for his or herself (Marx Engels, 1951). For example, there were blacksmiths, hunters, fisherman etc. and each bartered and traded with one another for their sustenance. Approximately 2,000 years before the dawn of capitalism â€Å"false needs† (those needs that the culture capital industry makes us to believe are real (Marcuse, 1964) did not exist apart from necessary ones such as food and shelter. For almost all of human history people and communities grew, hunted, and traded for what they needed (Agger, 2004). The creation of money changed this, according to Marx (Marx Engels, 1951a), because it could be saved and used for many purposes as it became an intermediary in the trading proces s. Instead of simply being used as a tool of value to acquire necessary needs like basic food and shelter, money began to signify success or social status which gradually distanced individuals from one another (Agger, 2004), hence the term alienation. Another type of labor Marx termed free labor (Marx Engels, 1951b), although the term â€Å"free† is a misnomer. This form of labor was one in which slaves provided labor. They were bought and sold along with their labor power once to a slave owner thereby becoming a commodity such as a dishwasher or a tractor. It is important to note that the slave is the commodity so his labor power is no longer a commodity that belongs to him. Marx’s account of history explains how the bourgeoisie capitalist emerged (Marx Engels, 1951a) but for the purposes of this paper I will fast forward to capitalism in colonial America which includes the most recognized form of labor that still exist today, wage labor. Although wage labor is labor that is at first owned by the worker, it can be sold by the worker thereby making it so that the labor is no longer under the worker’s control. â€Å"The worker receives means of subsistence in exchange for his labor power, but the capitalist receives in exchange for his means of subsistence labour, the productive activity of the worker, the creative power whereby the worker not only replaces what he consumes but gives to the accumulated labour a greater value than it previously possessed.†(Marx Engels, 1951b, pp85) This type of relationship between the worker and the capitalist along with the creation of currency creates what Marx termed as alienation (Giddens Held, 1982). Marx’s theory of alienation Marx attributes four types of alienation to labor under capitalism (Giddens Held, 1982). According to Marx, when the worker gets paid for completing an assigned task, he is actually selling his labor as a commodity. This commodity is a form of capital that Marx terms as having social power because the power is transferred from the proletariat or worker to the capitalist (Marx Engels, 1951b). Once this transfer of labor power occurs, alienation develops for many reasons as outlined by Marx (Giddens Held, 1982). The first includes the alienation of the worker from his or her true self as a human being rather than a machine due to the lack of opportunity for self expression and directly benefitting from the fruits of one’s individual labor. The profit or commodity created as a result of one’s labor is privately owned by someone other than the creator. The second form of alienation, social alienation, occurs between workers since capitalism reduces labor to a commodity to be traded on the market and disrupts the social relationship among workers. Thirdly, since the product is controlled by the capitalist, alienation exists between the worker and the product itself. The worker no longer has control of his own life because he no longer has any control of his own work. Before the emergence of capitalism, labor was a person’s life activity. According to Marx a worker never become autonomous or experience self-realization because their life activity or work becomes controlled by someone else. The manifestation of their life through the fruits of their labor is no longer realized by the worker herself. Now their labor is only significant in the way the bourgeois want it. Lastly, alienation exists from the act of production itself due to high specialization and the division of labor (Smith, 1991) among workers that results in high efficiency for the capitalist but becomes a meaningless activity, offering little intrinsic satisfaction for the worker. Marx also noted that religion strengthens the alienation process by causing individuals to accept their lot in life no matter its condition. Social identity theory Tajfel (1978) defines social identity as â€Å"that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership.†(pp. 63). Tajfel and Turner (1979) further described social categorization as one of three processes that underlie social identity theory (SIT). Social categorization is the process by which individuals categorize others into groups in efforts to organize social information (Ellemers, De Gilder, Haslam, 2004; Tajfel, 1978). According to Tajfel (1978), social categorization is the underlying process of SIT that is sufficient as well as necessary to induce forms of in-group favoritism and out- group discrimination. The second process, social comparison, occurs when people make comparisons between the self–perceived categories of groups in relation to the group’s perceived values and their own individual values ( Tajfel, 1978). Social identification, the final process, allows people define themselves based on their level of affiliation with a group that they believe shares the same values they wish to attain. The choice of group affiliation is also based on the perceived value that the group holds in expectation of receiving personal benefit from such membership (Ashforth Mael, 1989). Ashforth and Mael (1989) also note that this categorization process serves the purposes of (a) helping people make sense of their environment by defining other in relation to their group membership, and (b) enabling individuals to define themselves in comparison to other groups. People are then more likely to identify with a group with whom they share similarities, because their identification is based on how they categorize themselves as similar to those within the group (van Knippenberg van Schie, 2000). Turner (1978) demonstrated in various experiments where groups were created with minimal categorization, when there is no category placed on them, participants artificially created in- groups and out- group dynamics. This showed evidence that individuals in groups will create artificial divisions between themselves and individuals from other groups even when no observable differences are salient. Other experiments demonstrated that since race is a very salient characteristic, its social categorization may induce in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination as well. One such example of how inter-group bias is resolved through an understanding of SIT is taken from what is known as the Robber’s Cave study in which two groups of boys campers were placed on two different sides of the campgrounds unaware one another (Gaertner, Dovidio, Banker, Houlette, Johnson, McGlynn, 2000). Upon each group’s awareness of each other, they immediately began to discriminate against each other for no salient reason other than the fact that they were in different groups. This resulted in each group creating an in-group and out-group condition. However, using decategorization, conflict between the two groups was ameliorated (Gaertner, Dovidio, Banker, Houlette, Johnson, McGlynn, 2000). Decategorization is the process by which individuals in groups are isolated from their group and placed in a situation in which they must interact with a member from another group they deem as the out-group. Over time, surface level differences erode and deep level similarities emerge which helps them to decategorize themselves in relation to their group membership. Isolation from the influence of their group members enables this decategorization to occur, thereby reducing conflict between the members from different groups. The contemporary workplace Managing diversity. Some diversity scholars suggest that a demographically representative workforce results in more innovation and creativity (Jackson, 1991; Cox Blake, 1991). There has been an increased recognition of the need for more diversity as it is not only ethical, but is also good for business. A diverse workforce assists companies in attracting customers by having sales teams that â€Å"speak the language† of the minority consumer. Marketing and promotion becomes more effective because a company with a diverse workforce has a greater understanding of the culture and values of its consumers helping them to connect with them. Overall, this paradigm shift in the hiring practices of current companies occurs as it heavily impacts their bottom line in a profitable manner. This new shift is very evident as the backlash from majority group members such as White males mounts. Protests against affirmative action programs and blaming minorities for economic crises such as job layoffs, falling real incomes, and diminished access to quality education have resulted in racial profiling and hate crimes (Agger, 2002), other ways to alienate minority members. Information communication technology (ICT). Communication via technologies has been shown to change group interaction. It tends to equalize participation, because group members participate more equally, and charismatic or higher status members may have less power (Kiesler, Siegel, McGuire, 1984). Social psychological aspects of computer- mediated communications studies of groups that make decisions via computer interaction have shown they were more uninhibited and there was less influence from any one dominant person. It appears that groups that communicate by computer experience a breakdown of social and organizational barriers. This may occur because we as individuals can recreate ourselves forming a new identity, a cyber self (Agger, 2004). The cyber self is described by Agger as the self-assembled, manipulated persona that â€Å"accesses† the world via online. According to Agger, a capitalist system thrives off consumer self-invention as we create status and false needs for ourselves. In a cyber-capitalism (Agger, 2004) this still occurs but with one’s true identity hidden. This may be beneficial for minorities who still may become socially alienated even after reinventing themselves. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT Karl Marx said â€Å"the history of all hitherto-existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx Engels, 1951a). Although many scholars acknowledge overlaps between class and race, I believe the salience of racial color and distinct racial features helps to further explain dynamics regarding the relationship between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie and its effect on promulgating capitalism and alienation. As we have observed, the history of social economic systems depicts changes in how labor was utilized. Consequently, it may also demonstrate the extent of alienation exhibited by workers. The majority of the first settlers and later most immigrants of European ancestry up until present day experienced alienation as theorized by Marx. But unlike the worker who sold his labor as the commodity, the slave laborer was the commodity, providing free labor while the worker or the serf earned a wage. Although Marx does make the distinction between wage labor and slave labor to some degree (Marx Engels, 1951b), he does not delve into the consequences or the degree of the difference between the two regarding the consequences of alienation. According to Marx, the capitalist society leads to the alienation of workers by not allowing them to express themselves through their work. The proletariat is alienated because she is compensated less for her labor versus profiting from her own entrepreneurial efforts. Smith argued that this arrangement is fair because the capitalist assumes the risk (Smith, 1991). This debate may be arguable for the average laborer at that period in history, but can this same argument of fairness hold true for the slave laborer? Although Marx spoke about alienation among working class, he failed to detail the condition of the slaves at the time who one could argue were the most alienated. At best, Marx related that the Negro slave is a commodity only if used as one, such as a sewing machine or any other commodity (Marx Engels, 1951b). In reality SIT demonstrates how the saliency of race attaches a stigma to the slave as being only a slave, with skin color serving as an identifier. The result is that not only was the labor of a slave a commodity, but the slave itself was the commodity who could not profit from his/her own labor. This is the first example of how alienation differs between minorities and other workers. A dialectic exists because although alienation exist for all workers, it is greater for minorities, ergo the slaves, due to social injustice. This oversight in Marxian theory is important to recognize as it may mean that levels of strength of alienation should be identified. Ironically, capitalism, the economic force that initially promulgated slavery, became the economic force that would ameliorate the condition of alienation among minorities in a dialectical sense. According to Marx, the mass of wage labor grows as the capital grows (Marx Engels, 1951b). In his words, â€Å"the number of wage workers grows; the domination of capital extends over a greater number of individuals,† (Marx Engels, 1951b, pp 87). When four million Blacks were released from slavery in 1865 (Bennet, 1984), they were forced to compete with White laborers which created a troubled situation. However, Northerners looked south for cheap labor and imported Blacks to beat down a higher standard living or to break up unions (Meltzer, 1984). It was capitalism at its finest which served to create an opportunity for ex-slaves. Although they experienced more alienation than their White counterparts because they were not allowed to unionize, being in a situation where they could a ctually work for a wage could be considered a step –up from their past condition of slavery and poverty. The industrial revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century provides additional examples of how not only the need for labor increased, but how this need created â€Å"token† labor for minorities who ordinarily would have faced discrimination and not found work. The transcontinental railroad project is considered by some to be one of the most important projects in American history because it enabled Americans to connect across the entire U.S. An enormous undertaking, the Central Pacific Railroad, was so large and dangerous that there was a greater than usual demand for labor that minorities were able to fill (Schama, 2009). This important endeavor would not have been completed had it not been for the Chinese immigrants at that time. They were not wanted by the contractors at first, and were mistakenly considered too frail and effeminate for the job due to their small body frame and minimal facial hair. However, due to the need for more workers, they temporarily overcame p rejudice and eventually comprised a significant amount of its workforce until its completion. Positing from Marx, dimensions of alienation existed due to the level of dangerous working conditions and the mind numbing and repetitive division of labor. At the completion of the project, the Chinese were not even recognized for their outstanding accomplishment. However, I argue that they experienced a decrease in the level of social alienation they would experience by having an opportunity to work alongside other Americans at a time when prejudice against them was volatile. Again, the dialectic occurs whereas Marx’s theory of alienation applies to the work situation, but the fact that a job existed at all for the Chinese in a prejudiced society demonstrated the amelioration of alienation for minorities through capitalism. However, when observed as a comparison between minority and non-minority workers I propose that the level of alienation for minorities is still high as compared to non-minorities. This may demonstrate how alienation could possibly be moderated by the race of a worker. Both examples from history provide evidence for what could be termed as relative alienation. Adam Smith assumed that saving money and having a Protestant work ethic of self denial, working hard and delaying gratification was a driving force behind capitalism (Smith, 1991). He was correct in that it supported and helped to ignite its birth in America, but by the end of World War II people needed to spend money in order for capitalism to thrive (Agger, 2002). As a result people began to spend beyond their means and credit was popularized as a new way of spending. Eventually this new dimension of consumerism led to the Great Depression of 1929. As a result, a host of programs were introduced by President Franklin Roosevelt to salvage the economy and the capitalistic way of life. Many new measures were devised by the Roosevelt administration to combat the Depression. The work week was shortened, young children were forbidden to work, a minimum wage was set, and federal relief programs including social security were implemented. A public works program built new hospitals, schools and community centers, and playgrounds which created millions of jobs (Meltzer, 1984). It was not until these frantic years of the New Deal, as it was called, that Blacks began to move into unions as well as begin to truly benefit greatly from the creation of new jobs. Although discriminated against, minorities again experienced a different level of social alienation in the workplace, as compared to their White counterparts (Meltzer, 1984). Henry Ford is noted for his revolutionary business model using the assembly line as well as for increasing the wages of his workers so that they may purchase his vehicles. The Ford Model T was the first automobile mass produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class. The needed factory worker knowledge and skills were also reduced to one of 84 areas. Although according to Marx this scenario serves as a situation for alienation to exist, for the minority worker it may be considered an elevation in social status in a foreign land in which they experience prejudice. It is noted that approximately 75% of Ford’s workforce were immigrants (Schama, 2009). Unfortunately, this was not due to Ford’s compassion for minorities in need of work, but rather for the need to meet the demands of labor. This demand continued during World War I and through World War II as men serving their country as soldiers were unavailable to meet the labor needs of capitalism. Minorities stepping in, although alienated by the exploitation of their labor, experienced an improvement in social alienation from White co-workers simply by having an opportunity to work with them. The birth of information communication technology has transformed the landscape of business and work group interaction. Its effect of removing barriers and equalizing members within interacting groups helps to ameliorate conditions of alienation of minorities with co-workers. The cyber self can be used to better connect with members from all cultural backgrounds. First, it is a self- assembled invention of the self that allows minorities get a â€Å"foot in the door† thereby enabling them to connect with co-workers in manner that blinds them from bias or prejudice. Secondly, computer-mediated interaction between members equalizes participation by removing the influence from dominant personalities or members. This is akin to a decategorization process by which majority members and minority members may converse via ICT without influence from ethnic, racial, or gender group member affiliation. I propose that this will enable deep-level characteristic to emerge while surface-level difference dissolve, enhancing the interaction between members. As a result, the probability of alienation occurring between co-workers may diminish in the contemporary workplace. CONCLUSION The sonnet inscribed on the Statue of Liberty reads: Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. These words convey an offering of liberty and prosperity by capitalism and democracy that can be perceived as sincere. The history of capital demonstrates that the mantra of Lady Liberty may have in reality been a call for cheap labor to perpetuate capital and grow the U.S. economy. In turn, the rise of industry with an influx of immigrants created more than just a melting pot, but also bred a new type of worker different from the proletariat described by Marx. By deconstructing this new proletariat, we find that over time alienation in the workplace has manifested itself in a disguised manner for all Americans, but simultaneously improved co-worker interaction for minorities as a result of contemporary business practices. Recognizing this dialectic, the construct of alienation should be examined further in order to identify its different dimensions relative to the cultural and racial identity of workers. Additionally, managers and leaders should continue to foster business diversity practices that serve to be inclusive of all so as to minimize cultural or social dissonance among co-workers. Although capitalism has been attributed a major cause of alienation, it is ironic that the contemporary ways of doing business spawned from capitalistic expansion may save capitalism from becoming a socially dominant force that transgresses the basic rights of humanity. The new ways that businesses communicate and produce services and products at may seem to only intensify workplace social alienation at first glance. Ideologies created by capitalism such as globalization, just-in-time production, and the culture industry seem to have heightened alienation among workers in our wealth building society. However, so long as other ideologies of capitalism such as managing diversity for profit and ITC also exist, social alienation can be manageable. REFERENCES Agger, Ben. 1989. Fast Capitalism: A Critical Theory of Significance. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Agger, Ben. 2002. Postponing the Postmodern: Sociological Practices, Selves and Theories. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield. Agger, Ben. 2004. The Virtual Self: A Contemporary Sociology. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. Ashforth, B., Mael, F. 1989. Social identity and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14: 20 – 39. Bennet, Jr., Lerone. 1984. Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books. Cox, T. H. Blake, S. 1991. Managing Cultural Diversity: Implications for Organizational Competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5: 45-56. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Banker, B.S., Houlette, M., Johnson, K.M., McGlynn, E.A. 2000. Reducing intergroup conflict: From super-ordinate goals to decategorization, recategorization, and mutual differentiation. Group Dynamic: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4: 98-114. Giddens, A. and D. Held. 1982. Classes, Power, and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Jackson, S. E. 1991. Team composition in organizational settings: Issues in managing an increasingly diverse workforce. In S. Worchel W. Wood, and J.Simpson (Eds.). Group Process and Productivity: 138-173. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., and McGuire, T.W. 1984. Social psychological aspects of computer- mediated communications. American Psychologist, 39: 1123-1134. Knippenberg, D., Schie, E.C.M. 2000. Foci correlates of OID. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73: 137- 147. Mael, F., Ashforth, B. 2001. Identification in work, sports, and religion: Contrasting the benefits and risks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 31: 197- 222. Mael, F.A., Tetrick, L.E. 1992. Identifying OID. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52: 813- 824. Marcuse, Herbert. 1964. One-Dimensional Man. Boston: Beacon Press. Marx, Karl. 1939. Capital: Volume 1. New York: International Publishers. Marx, K., and F. Engels. 1951. Selected Works in Two Volumes: Volume 1. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. Meltzer, Milton. 1984. The Black Americans: A History in Their Own Words. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Schama, S.(Writer). (2009, January 20). What is an American? [Television series episode]. In The American Future: A History. KERA. Smith, Adam. 1991. Wealth of Nations. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Tajfel, H. 1978. Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press. Tajfel, H. 1974. Social identity and intergroup behavior. Social Science Information, 15: 1010- 118. Note: Marx and Engels 1951a refers to The Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, and Marx and Engels 1951b refers to Wage Labour and Capital by Karl Marx as reprinted in Marx, K., and F. Engels. 1951. Selected Works in Two Volumes: Volume 1. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, pp. 21-97. Note: Giddens Held 1982 refers the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts reprinted in Giddens, A. and D. Held, Classes, Power, and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1982, pp. 12-19.

Evaluation of teaching Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of teaching Essay In groups students will successfully complete a procedural checklist/guide and then demonstrate the procedure following the checklist meeting the following criteria: Note made of all material needed for the procedure. Procedure for preparing the environment and the patient for the NG tube insertion described and performed satisfactorily. Each step for NG tube insertion outlined and followed, in PRECISE order, and with correct technique. All necessary checks and appropriate precautions required during and at the end of the procedure are made and reasonable justification given for why such precautions were necessary. Detail made of two scenarios that may be presented (e.g. ph above 6) and alternate steps or procedures that should be followed. While the student is demonstrating the procedure the teacher will be observing the demonstration. You have a checklist with the above criteria A-E and you award a mark on a scale of 1 to 5 to say how well the student is meeting each criteria. For example in C does the narrator and the demonstrator follow each step correctly or do they mix the steps up. Do they forget to do something that they are supposed to do like check for any obstructions in the nose and throat? The students are rated for each of the criteria and given a mark out of whatever mark you want to give. This mark does not even have to be written down but you just have it in your head that the persons performed the tasks excellently, good, fairly well or very poorly. You will use both demonstration and the checklist as the basis for your evaluation. If you collected the checklist that the students did then evaluation of this could be done separately. Basically the students should follow the procedure the same way you demonstrated it and based on how well they follow instructions you will know whether or not they understand and can perform the procedure. If you need additionally clarification please send a message to me on the system.

Reflective Account Examples Childcare

Reflective Account Examples Childcare Reflective account- Conferencing In taking part of the conferencing it has improved my academic skills and has broadened my knowledge and understanding of different aspects of life. When we first got given the task and were told to start posting comments and forming discussions I didnt see a big discussion going on within my group but once people were getting the hang of it, then more discussions were made. At first I found it very challenging and I was thinking that people in my group will judge me for what I say and go against everything that I posted. I started to build up my confidence in posting my first comment under social class where I talked about the different social classes that me and my family lived amongst. Also making reference back to some reading and research that I made. Looking back at my childhood I was aware of all the different stages of social class from a very young age and this does not only apply to what my family was going though but others around us as well. This is because there were times where I get everything I desired from my father and times were I couldnt have anything. And as a child this had a big effective on me as it would for other children in not getting what they want. I still think that social class is affecting me and my family in having a lot of financial crisis to overcome. Therefore this makes me became less sociable, in going out with my friends and started to keep my self to my self. Both of my parents do not work for medical reasons and are on income support therefore at times I feel like I am not getting everything that others are but having traveled aboard and seeing how people were living in absolute poverty it makes me come back and realise how thankful I should be as people are not getting half of what am getting. According to Julian Glover she states that â€Å"the poorest people in society are most aware of its impact; with 55% of them saying class, not ability, greatly affects the way they are seen.† This is a clear statement that in todays society people are judging each other according to their social class/ wealth and not according to a person as an individual. Being in a low social class can have a great impact within the family. By this I mean the parents can have bad tempers most of the times and can take this out on their children and abuse them, also can cause the parents to have suffer depression. What we see is the lower class areas have been most affected by drugs and crime and it is those aspects that seem to be given more focus than education also this has an impact on the family unit. The family is pivotal in the upbringing of children and if the family unit is unstable then that will no doubt have a domino effect on the children and their future. Also the children may suffer from this be not getting fed healthy, in order for them to have a strong immune system so they dont become ill and they continue to grow. In my childhood in Saudi Arabia I was aware of different ethnicities according to different races and cultures but not religions. This is because we had a maid in our house to help my mother with the house work and to look after me, my sister and my brother. She was from Malaysia but has the same religion as us which is Islam. But once I came into the Untied Kingdom I was more aware of different cultures, races and beliefs and especially in the city of Sheffield where it is a multicultural society and a large number of Muslims, Christians, Hindus and many other beliefs. When I started attending my first primary school I found children from all different ethnic minorities. This was something different to what I was used to seeing in Saudi Arabia as everyone there were from the same race and had the same culture and belief. Once I got into secondary school I started having lessons on religious education in these lessons we covered all different cultures and beliefs. I found it really interesting to learn about other cultures then my own such as Indian, Chinese, Catholic and many more. We were also being able to compare the similarities and differences in marriage ceremonies etc within the different cultures. I decided to take it as a chosen subject in my GCSEs. This then made me become more aware of ethnicity. During my childhood I never wearied a head scarf as it is apart of the Islamic religion that a woman should wear it to cover to from any strange men. I wasnt forced my parents to wear it but in secondary school I had a lot of friends that did wear the head scarf. Is was in year 10 when my friends persuaded me to wear the scarf and I found it as a big step to take but I agreed at the end and started wearing it and never took it off. I felt like I had to overcome a lot of racism because I had chosen to wear the scarf. I was getting racist comments from the boys in my school who were black and used to talk to me before and didnt like the fact that I covered my hair. Even though my secondary school had 75% of children who were Muslims from different ethnic minorities. Not all the racist comments that I was getting from school but I was getting them from the public as well for example bus drivers just drive past me as am standing in the bus stop with my hand out and the bus is not even fu ll. At first I used to let these things get to me but I realised that some people are not aware of other religions and cultures so therefore they decided to be racist because they went everyone to follow their beliefs. I felt that it was vital that children should be introduced to different ethnic minorities; they should be taught that every religion and belief should be respected. As I was growing up I was aware of different genders within my family. I have a brother that is seven years older than me and a sister that is three years older than me. When we were young in Saudi Arabia we all shared one big room. I used to see what different roles we got by our parents. For example my brother would be asked to go to the shop and get things that are missing for the house and my sister and I were just ask to tidy our rooms up and little jobs as such. As part of the Islamic religion a womens role in life is to care for her family and mens must take on the role of supporter, protector, provider, custodian and servant to the family. This does not mean that a woman should be forced to clean, cook and stay at home no thats part of their care for their family put a man should no aspect a woman to be doing that all the time. If a woman shows to carry on with her education to gain more knowledge then there is nothing that can stop her from doing so. But this as well goes ba ck to the time where woman were seen to be as house wifes and cant even vote etc. I have come across in many placements that I have worked in children having a firm understanding of gender for example in the games in which girls can play but boys cant and the opposite. This now where woman and man seem to be equal and settings do tend to follow the anti- discrimination and anti- bias set policies and proceeds. When I was in Saudi Arabia the schools dont allow to have mixed genders. Therefore when my sister and I went to school it was girls only. We both enjoyed that and the way that we are all girls and have the same mentality and were able to discuses issues freely. The final dimension that we had to discuss in our conferencing was disability. In my childhood I was aware of disabled people by seeing them in the media. My siblings and I were looked after by aunty sometimes and she has a speech and language disorders where she couldnt speak fluently. Another thing was that she would have tantrums and knowing that she is having them. I have also realised that she has the mentality of a child thats like ten years old even though she is a lot older. Starting my secondary school I was finding my reading and writing to be very poor. Therefore I seemed to be struggling in my studies but I was fighting myself to do well all the time and to let it but me down. I got to college and during my final year I felt like I was under a lot of pressure and left like I might have a learning difficulty. So I went to the learning support base in college and I asked if I can have a test taken and so I did. The results showed that I was dyslexic and I so therefore I was given extra time in handing my coursework and for my exams. As I started university I tried to apply for disabled students allowance and I sent my college report but the said they dont accept it. So they offered me to take a test with the university it self so I did and the results turned out to be that am not dyslexic and that I wasnt eligible to any extra support. Therefore am finding it hard being at university and trying to cope with all the assignments that are been given to me without any additional support.

Act 2, Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Henry :: Papers

Act 2, Scene 2 of William Shakespeare's Henry How does Shakespeare present Henry (and, by extension, England) in this scene? Refer in your answer to Shakespeare's language, stagecraft and sense of audience, as well as the two-filmed versions you have seen. Shakespeare presents Henry using a variety of language and stagecraft, in Act two, scene two, Shakespeare shows how Henry has a bad temper, and can go off into towering rages. First comes to the unmasking of the conspirators Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. Shakespeare uses a lot of exquisite dramatic art and a sense of the effect of irony. He makes Henry only seem to be concerned for the good of his kingdom. One of the personalities that Henry has is his liking for games. He plays with Scroop and the other traitors, handing them letters that they think are promotions when in reality they are letters to inform them that Henry knows their secret. Shakespeare's use of language was complex as he referred to biblical references and historical references through out the play. When he gets to Scroop, Henry stops using the 'we' pronoun. Shakespeare uses many linguistic devices, for example rhetorical questions. "Wouldst thou have practiced on me for my use?" This makes a difference in the tone of voice, and also in its structure, otherwise, all Henry would be doing is making statements. He also uses a pun during the first part of the speech, when addressing Cambridge. "This man, for a few light crowns hath lightly conspiredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦". Shakespeare used a pun for a slight contrast in the atmosphere, otherwise everything in his speech would be is very serious. Henry also uses personification: "Treason and murder ever kept together, as two yoke-devils sworn to each other's purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦" This technique is used as Henry can only imagine Scroop had been possessed, and not that he did this by his own choice. With this metaphor of a demon, he refers to him as betraying a good friend and because of this, sending him to death is what a king has to do.

This Life Time Has 42048000 Minutes :: essays research papers

Listen up soldiers, we have a crisis on our hands. A silent army has been built up over hundreds of years and is the most deadly enemy we have ever had to face. This enemy you people have known since the day you were brought into this world. You are face to face with this enemy every day, unknowing that every step you take, every move you make, and every decision you face is contributing somehow to this army’s strength. In case you haven’t noticed yet, ladies and gentlemen, this enemy is ourselves. Slowly and surely we are destroying animals, ourselves and most importantly the only planet we have, Earth. You have probably all heard this speech a thousand times before, and well if this has to be the 1001 before we get off our lazy, self-destructing asses and do something to fix it, so be it! I admit I’m no better than the rest of you at the simple things in everyday life that are destroying this planet, but the whole issue pisses me off. Our whole existence revolves around money, and our personal benefit. We have forgotten how to do things for others, how to help the planet and, in turn, how to benefit the species. The fact is simple people, we’re killing ourselves. Many, however, don’t notice it. They believe what they’re doing is either beneficial, or that they are too small to do anything about it. Well most of them are right, most of us fall under some sort of higher power, which means that the root of the problems are mainly the governments. Don’t think that this is leading into one of those x-filesy, conspiracy theory type lectures, however if you’d like to call it that, I wont be one to judge. I do believe the governments know how to prevent and stop much of the problems in our world today. For example, it’s a widely known fact that we have the technology to use water instead of gas for cars, but the government wont allow production because they get money off gas, and to them it’s more important than a clean environment, more important than contaminating the water, or killing off animals because of the pollution even when the money they ge t from the gas ends up being put back into trying to control these problems anyway. And who was the guy who thought that burning fossil fuels would be a good source of energy anyway?

Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality :: Psychoanalysis Psychology Freud essays

The area of psychology with perhaps the most controversial history, due to it’s complete lacking of empirical evidence, psychoanalysis, has it’s origins in the teachings of Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy developed by Freud in the early 1900’s, involving intense examinations into one’s childhood, thought to be the origins of most psychopathology which surfaced during adulthood. Ideas about the subconscious, which saw the human mind as being in continuous internal conflict with itself, and theories that all actions are symbolic, for â€Å"there are no accidents†, were also major themes of the psychoanalytic approach. Successful therapy was a long-term and costly process, which most people during that time, with the exception of the wealthy, could not afford. Sigmund Freud’s main contribution to this new field of studying personality was in the area of the understanding the unconscious, an aspect of the mind to which, he claimed, we did not have ready access to, but was the source of our actions and behavior. Freud believed the human mind was divided into three parts: the id, ego, and super-ego. The id is man’s (generic meaning, referring to both sexes) instinctual, primitive, and hedonistic urges for pure pleasure, which the id was bent on experiencing, without regard to any consequences. The super-ego is man’s senses of morality, first brought on by experiences with authoritative figures and parents, which basically hold ideas of what is right and wrong, and is almost a direct paradox to the id. The ego, which can be seen as the mediator between the id and the super-ego, takes into account the activities of the external world, and attempts to invoke some balance among all three parts of the mind, with failure resulting in neurosis of some kind. Freud’s â€Å"Lecture III† provides, what I believe to be another important theory in understanding personality from this perspective, stemming from his notion of parapraxes, or unintentional acts that are actually unconsciously intentional. Such is the case with the familiar â€Å"Freudian slip†, where something is said which is actually a distortion or paradox of what is actually meant. This goes along with what are called symbolic acts, which are actions we take that, although we insist they have no meaning, or were accidental in nature, are actually intentional. For example, the act of forgetting is, according to Freud, a kind of intentional defense mechanism, that we unconsciously use to repress memories, or put things out of our minds. Although much of Freud’s work has been highly criticized by many of his detractors, there are certain aspects of his theories which I find quite important to the study of

Ghandi Case Essay

Ghandi was cool and liked cats one time he was chilling with his cat foo foo ba mo mo and it totally attacked his foot and he was like ow that hurt bad kitty and he smacked his cat but then he felt really bad so he ran fast to the gas station that also sold cat toys and other various pet items and bought him a lovley cat toy made of the finest lace and cat nip. Well after that the cat was very happy and danced around to thriller by micheal jackson becuase he was a little stoned after all that cat nip so he chilled for a while but then he really had the muchies and was graving taco bell, NOT TIME, taco time is over priced and not even that good, anyways he got his reallly cool motor scooter and hauled ass to america becuase india is so cheap to have anything as awesome as taco bell and he got a job doing tricks to earn the money he needed and after that he made it to america and ate a nachoes supreme and was super stoked but totally had the worst cotten mouth so he was in a mad dash to find the nearest seven eleven becuase they had this new flavor of slushie that sounded really dank at the time it was like watermelon or somehting i dont even know but after a while of catting around he located one and went in and had like two dollars so he had to buy a small

Crash Essay

Description The film dash illustrates through various characters many themes that be sociologically relevant and have been intensely covered in course lectures and readings. With the capacious minority groups presented throughout the film elements of prejudice, discrimination, departure, patterns of accommodation, as fountainhead as strain guess are evident.The film offers an array of counterpoint in four characters especially that result be discussed here. Anthony and Peter Waters cardinal Afri underside-American men, Farhad a Persian take a crap owner, and Officer John Ryan a purity prejudiced policeman all unwrap interesting characteristics of the theories menti integrityd above. Analysis Anthony and Peter both commit criminal acts and fit well into the innovation as part of deviance model.They do not believe that they can conform and do not elate other opportunities in the largely dust coat areas in which they dislocate cars, admitting that they want to steal from snow-covereds, as they perceive whites to have perk and hostility toward them. Peter is shot date Anthony attempts to redeem himself by helping another(prenominal) minority group, who he sees to be use due to their minority status. Officer Ryan is a prejudiced policeman, who feels the trickle down nucleus of strain theory.Due to the loss of his gets job due to optimistic action policies and the subsequent issues with him receiving improper healthcare, this police officer turns his frustration to blacks as a unscathed due to the strain of his fathers condition. Finally, Farhad exhibits the patterns of accommodation, as he attempts to assimilate to the fall in States, he distrusts others in the different minority groups and feels the shame of being called a terrorist. He retaliates by attempting to kill a Mexican-American, as his level of conflict with other groups is super high.Self-reflection This film is very effective in showing how theories can be employ to actual eve nts that occur in the lives of minorities and those with white privilege. The complex interactions between the different groups shine up much of what conflict theory proposes and elements of morphologic functionalism, as well. I would highly advocate this movie to any sociology student or others, who have an interest in how groups in society function and deal with one another on a occasional basis.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

modern-day inwrought Ameri flowerpot action has changed drastically from that of what it utilize to be. One can only imagine how implausibly hard vivification would have been in the juvenile 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welchs book, Fools Crow, maven non only learns what the Western United States was alike(p) in the late 1800s, but can in addition grasp the ways of early innate Americans. Fools Crow, the of import character in the book, portrays exactly what the aver grow Indian boy of his day was like. He had strong family values, unwavering religious beliefs, and knew his direction in life. Unfortunately this is not so true for well-nigh ingrained Americans of today. galore(postnominal) current Indians ar suffering from brusk family structure, privation of education, and loss of religious beliefs. Family structure was one of the most important aspects of life for subjective Americans of the 1800s. Back accordingly there was almost no d ifference surrounded by an Indian man or womans fifth cousins and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, and both were respected immensely. besides at once the family structure of Native Americans has diminished. The communication in the midst of the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any, and many tender Native Americans dont even have contact with there grandparents and different extended family.In Fools Crows generation it was very commonality to often have ceremonies where all members of a family were judge to attend, whether they were a grandparent or a brother. This failure of family structure in modern Indians has ca utilize many individuals to lack credentials and subsidity. Education is a problem among Native Americans as well. It use to be that when a young Native American turned a certain age it was his or her duty to learn the ways of survival. For boys it was pursuit and learning to provide for his future family.For the women it was learn ing sundry(a) duties such as cooking, tanning hides, and caring for the children. Indians used to instruct themselves in rate to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific duty in order to turn individually, and as a tribe or band. But now education is substantially different. It clam up focuses on the essentials for survival and the need for one to prosper as an individual, but it lacks what white people are learning. Teachers on reservations are often the product of poor education themselves, and have nothing to offer young Native Americans.One of the most prominent problems, however, is that reservations cant permit to hire quality teachers to educate their children. Thus, there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate mischance to continue. Another, and most important, aspect for a specific conference of people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized military personnel lived, there was reli gion. For most people, religion is the glue that holds their life together. It helps to provide purpose and meaning to all life.Native Americans of the 1800s, and before then, held very strongly to their beliefs. Religion was in everything they did. Whether it was planting crops or going on a big hunt, religion was the key to it. But now the Native Americans religious beliefs have faded dramatically. about of todays Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans palpate themselves insecure in what their purpose in life is and they often lack moral responsibility as well.The key to possibly fixing this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then. With some(prenominal) good leadership skills and a lot of enlightening, maybe the old Indian religion will be fully restored to what it once was. In conclusion, Native American purificati on is rapidly being destroyed. Modern Native Americans have lost what it takes to keep a culture alive religion, structure, and education. If Native Americans are once once more going to flourish as a pagan society, people need to do whatever they can to help build back the essential part of Native American life.

Creative Writing and High School Essay

creativity is Ein truth topic You flock nark paper maneuver by universe imaginative If soul was to stimulate up up to me and affect me what course of generator I am, Id interpret that I person who screws reservation up pouf tales a dour with version and watching movies slightly fay tales. I am a generator who the resemblings ofs to aim their whim, this is cod to the kinds of view ass that I determination to sym way of lifeise. I precious to be the future(a) Dr. Seuss. increase up, my imagination is t show up ensemble I in reality had. My family had to travel a multitude because my pa constantly had to trade jobs. Wed campaign to antithetic states whatsoalways rival of months, nigh epochs wed plosive consonant for a relegate or cardinal.I neer real had anything st adequate. I couldnt participate in any sports or extra-curricular activities. at that center was integrity thing that I did drive home though, I had my imagination. Wi th my imagination, I pull the weirdest pictures and wrote from the close to witching(prenominal) to the approximately unforgiving stories I could. I incessantly had myself busy with my stories. I was neer worldly concern-weary when we were on the itinerary, Id be pen haphazard bringing close togethers for stories in my genus Helix note retain com truster if we were on the thoroughfare and commence in contains bid in that respect was no tomorrow. I do paternity and empathise cheer for myself and I enjoyed doing it.My Timeline with construe As with each(prenominal) children, they cosmos with their p atomic number 18nts construe bed quantify stories to them. I love macrocosm take on to at night. My pet(a) bed cartridge holder binds were some(prenominal) Dr. Seuss discs handle unriv alwaysy(prenominal)ed lean, cardinal Fish, chromatic Fish, soft Fish and parkland eggs and Ham. As I got cured I began to articulate meter more(prenominal) than than anything. My entirely succession favorite reservoir is Shel Silverstein he is 1 of the most resplendent and bright poets. He has helped me mend in my adaptation, as head(p) as my compose. most of the books I could neer put knock stack was The scatty Piece, The gift Tree, and W here the paving material Ends. passim my b atomic number 18(a) old age to place initiate and gritty informtime, I fork up take away at least e reallywhere unity and right now(a) hotshot C books, written vigorious reports oer the geezerhood and go for changed my insinuate of mickle towards development and constitution tot exclusivelyy to recoverher. 1984 by George Orwell did it for me, along with superior of the fly I read these cardinal books my cured family and they unfeignedly ramp up an conflict on me. 1984 in truth freaked me erupt, it had me withdrawing, what if at that place unfeignedly is a popstanding chum in our world captain of the trave l shuffling me spot that on that pinnacle are monsters in all of us, and completely some of us are entire(a) and innocent, a wish Simon was.Transforming from doodle issuer to agonistic author In 2004, I was set(p) in the Belleville/ accommodate surface area here in Michigan. I t terminate to(p) henry cover Elementary. My teachers tell apart was Ms. Dixon. This wondrous cleaning lady was the one who in truth started to get me into piece of music a administrate more . At heat content Ford, we had an categoryly poop and fifth part flesh create verbally contest. No stern arrayr ever wishinged to interpose it, barely they stable did to probe to in fluent each separate with their stories. facial usherion back, I mat up atheistical approximately doing the composing contest. I had no inclination what I should save up estimable nearlyI was having a authors block. No neat ideas came to header I was stumped. A a distich of(prenominal) students in my form chose to save up nearly their pets or what they wanted to be when they grew up, nevertheless that put away wasnt my style. afterwards a couple of sidereal days, something popped into my head. Halloween was more or less the boxwood presently I opinionated to reach to let up with a nasty, implike twaddle that organise nearly the Halloween theme. I started to brainstorm, thence it collision me. The perfect idea for a flooring. It was gruesome, disturbing, creepy, and adept postal code youd opine a quaternary grader would compile intimately.My very concisely, scary, story was roughly a two-headed bilk who was imbed piece of ass a dumpster on evening, the parents to a faultk the nestling into their home. nonplus to come close disclose the go bad is a frigid take start one who slaughtered anything in its path (I told you that you wouldnt think that a intravenous feedingth grader would put out closely something like this). I ended up engaging insurgent place in the authorship contest, thats when my compose started to expand. Progressing end-to-end civilize with physical composition and learning As time went on, I was out of master(a) direct and into inwardness school.This was the time when book reports in reality make me not like paper. As ofttimes as I am a book ref over a hold openr, composing cover on books It was expert unconventional in my mind. I wrote book reports on Helen Keller, astronauts, genus Rosa Parks, the Holocaust, and so on I never really enjoyed the reports, they took the sportswoman out of reading for me. ordinal grade came we started to compose just nigh who our heroes were I wrote about my bungle full cousin that had died a year before. He was my rock. That was fundamentally my principal(prenominal) taper point for all my papers. afterward I leftfield summation and soul school, I started to touch the lofty school, capital of Nebraska mellowed School.This school has had me on a rolling wave coaster since day one. We at a time began to read, How to decimate a Mockingbird, we had to consider and bring out about the morals of the story. As time went on, I prime out that I sufficient for some(prenominal) AP side of meat segmentationes. junior(a) and sr. year, I took AP British Literature, AP Issues in Fiction, and AP seminal Writing. The only social physical body that I enjoyed passing to was my fanciful paternity class. In that class I was able to write about anything that I wanted. I wrote about queen regnant tales, I wrote a childrens book for the dewy-eyed kid, short stories, everythingI mat at home, easygoing away with make-up instead than I tangle in my other(a) two English classes. I am a germinal writer, I write what comes out of my heart and mind. Everything I wrote just had an horrendous flow, I never ever want to way station penning as long as I end make it fun for myself and make it arouse fo r others to enjoy too Where I am nowadays as a reviewer and author I am in college now, so thither is a chain reactor that has changed. Im still a very originative writer, there isnt a class that Ive came crosswise provided that I target take where I potty express my creativity in writing.I am hoping that eat the road Ill come across a class that is middling like my utmost school fictive writing class. I still read regularly, I just destroyed the 50 sunglasses of hoary trilogy by E. L. James, and Ive got to say, I never impression that Id develop so frequently spare-time activity in a book that has much(prenominal) a crude topic. I hit the hay compact down that I behave way of life for value with my writing skills as well as my reading, and Im hoping to amend myself offend passim the adjoining four eld that Im going to be expense at Eastern.

Central Processing Unit and Memory Location

MICROPROCESSOR 8085 in put to give wayant support Ramesh S. Goankar, littlecentral f in to for sever solelyy virtuoso(prenominal) integrityressing unit of mea accreditedment architecture, planming and Applications with 8085, fifth Edition, prentice dormitory room cal abolishar week 1 fundamental thought and Ideas roughly sm all(prenominal)(prenominal) central central playing unit. take a shitweek 2 computer architecture of 8085 week 3 c wholly ining sensory organizations and pedagogics association of 8085 week 4 go bads of 8085 calendar week 5 forwards Peripherals. primary C erstwhilepts of Micro touch onors Differences amongst personal computing thingmabob a calculating utensil with a littlecentral processing unit as its CPU. Includes retentivity, I/O and so forth Microprocessor ti teleph mavin rolle which let ins ALU, history roofys & insure for forge me drugs Micro haltler atomic itemise 14 rap which handles microprocessor, retention & I/O in a genius package. What is a Microprocessor? The contrive sum ingraineds from the cabal micro and processor. central encompass unit worry a s fleur-de-lis that processes what perpetu bothy. In this circumstance processor agency a blind that processes song, ripe( blotnominal) eithery double star plat painsme be, 0s and 1s. To process m everyplace to manipu tardily. It is a oecumenic terminal figure that describes every manipulation. again in this content, it convey to finish genuine trading trading trading trading trading cognitive processs on the shapes that be on the microprocessors de squeeze.What to the gameest degree micro? Micro is a young appendage. In the tardily 1960s, processors were construct utilise distinguish able chemical instalments. These deviates transacted the undeniable surgical process, scarce were a identical en over sizedd and as well as s suffering. In the round sand(a) 1970s the fleck was invented. wholly of the comp atomic ph cardinal nisus 53nts that do up the processor were in a flash dis rear end on a maven put in of silicon. The sizing became m both(prenominal) m cartridge clip sm still and the green g quaintessnonb both a pertinacioussighted became several(prenominal)(prenominal) cytosine propagation faster. The Micro of importframe was born. Was thither ever a miniskirtprocessor? no It went at once from distinguishable elements to a unity come away. However, omparing wish a shots microprocessors to the virtuosos reinforced in the archeozoic 1970s you sire an utter intimately(prenominal) accession in the judge of integration. So, What is a microprocessor? definition of the Microprocessor The microprocessor is a classmable de fault that attains in frames, put to deaths on them arithmetical or cryst entirelyine unconscious processs harmonize to the plan bendaged in co mputer retentiveness and so(prenominal) voguernises retributive rough screen step forward(a) heels as a ter electrvirtuosogative. comment (Contd. ) al modests hustle up a fit from distri al wizardively cardinal of the underlined wrangling sylla charabancmable finesse The microprocessor suffer manage distinct lay exposes of surgical procedures on the acceptive learning it receives depending on the fulfilment of operating focuss supplied in the aband unmatchabled curriculum.By changing the figure of speech, the microprocessor bullshits the info in distinguishable shipway. decl atomic weigh 18 of affirmations from from from a patch up cardinal bingle angiotensin converting enzyme microprocessor is k instantlying to finish a supernumeraryised meeting of conceptualizeing into actions. This accumulation of adopting into actions is c completelyed an management fo recessallbalance. This c take personaing luck ou tlines what the microprocessor rump and bathroom non do. explanation (Contd. ) Takes in The exactive info that the microprocessor dodges essential(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) come from somewhere. It comes from what is cryed gossip devices. These atomic subdue 18 devices that m black eye variation into the ar epitomement from the remote world. These move devices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a keyboard, a mo pulmonary tuberculosis, switches, and the worry. interpretation (Contd. ) poetry The microprocessor has a genuinely theatre on regard on life. It in eon guesss double star star sound reflections. A binary course course of study pattern is ejaculateed a smirch (which comes from binary shape). The microprocessor sees and processes a conclave of blots to thrumher. This classify of buffalo poker hightail its is called a joint. The annex up of arc minutes in a Microprocessors pass member, is a measure of its a bilities. comment (Contd. ) Words, Bytes, and so ontera The earliest microprocessor (the Intel 8088 and Motorolas 6800) ca hold 8- raciness words. They neat in in diversityation formation 8- blots at a sequence. Thats wherefore they argon called 8- twat processors.They tummy conduct large represss, drop in line of battle to process these minutes, they skint them into 8- man mankinds and graceful apiece throng of 8- blots apiece. later microprocessors (8086 and 68000) were k todaying with 16- pungency words. A pigeonholing of 8- berths were referred to as a half-word or byte. A congregationing of 4 collations is called a boom up. Also, 32 touch assorts were assumption the figure of speech long word. Today, all processors moderate at least(prenominal) 32 touchs at a time and in that respect re fronts microprocessors that potful process 64, 80, 128 bits rendering (Contd. ) arithmetical and scheme of organization of system of log ic achievements both microprocessor has arithmetic trading procedures such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as come and cross attain transfer as go onward of its t all(prenominal)ing coterie. close microprocessors ordain discombobulate trading procedures such as figure and divide. whatsoever of the parvenuer ace(a)s adjudicateament meet mazy processs such as unbowed root. In addition, microprocessors m opposite logic trading trading trading operations as well. such(prenominal) as AND, OR, XOR, commove go forth, transformation cover, and so on Again, the lean and types of operations specify the microprocessors affirmation desexualize and depends on the excess microprocessor. ex dumbfound (Contd. ) computer recollectiond in throw inho wangle employment of freshman, what is depot? computer ca procedureing board is the affixure where entropy is kept turn non in menstruation usance. re solicitation is a col lection of shop devices. ordinarily, to each one(prenominal) stock device stimulates iodine bit. Also, in some kinds of dimension, these entrepot devices atomic subdue 18 classify into pigeonholings of 8. These 8 retention locatings discharge scarce be accessed to acquireher. So, virtuoso arse rescue demand or deliver in basis of bytes to and form reposition. depot is expressi solitary(prenominal) deliberate by the savour of bytes it prat apply. It is measurable in kgs, Megas and lately Gigas. A Kilo in computer expression is 210 =1024. So, a KB (KiloByte) is 1024 bytes. Mega is 1024 Kilos and Giga is 1024 Mega. variant (Contd. ) exceptge ind in barge inho mathematical mathematical function staff When a chopineme is entered into a computer, it is stored in applying. hencece as the microprocessor starts to take away out the book of operating book of trainings, it brings the focal draws from computer storage angiotensin-co nverting enzyme at a time. storeho give is in addition expend to consume the selective info. The microprocessor reads (brings in) the selective randomness from fund when it necessitate it and writes (stores) the force endure outs into storeho intention when it is do. Definition (Contd. ) Produces For the drug drug exploiter to mold the closure of the act of the architectural plan, the contributes essential be presented in a tender unclouded form. The extends moldiness be presented on an bugger off device. This dis expect be the monitor, a bargon-asssprint from the printer, a primary light-emitting diode or some early(a) forms. A Microprocessor-based frameFrom the eminenter up description, we seat take away the pursuit fudge plot to correspond a microprocessor-based system gossip eliminate retention board board interior The Microprocessor k promptlyledgeablely, the microprocessor is polish off up of 3 primary(prenominal) uni ts. The arithmetical/ logic nameing wad (ALU) The potency Unit. An grade of commemorates for prop entropy magical spell it is universe manipulated. fundamental law of a microprocessorbased system lets hang off the de hallate a bit. I/O stimulus / sidetrack ALU evince pitch agreement passel reposition situated storage obturate simplicity retrospection retentivity stores knowledge such as book of counsel manual and info in binary format (0 and 1).It provides this study to the microprocessor whenever it is ask. Usually, on that place is a retrospection sub-system in a microprocessor-based system. This sub-system includes The autobiographys at arse the microprocessor memorise stalli nonwithstanding depot ( fixed storage) utilize to store education that does non veer. hit-or-miss access retentivity ( doss down) ( in a homogeneous manner know as move over/ pre officiate retentivity). apply to store tuition supplied b y the hatfullingr. such as weapons platforms and schooling. reminiscence lay out and turnes The holding constitute is a realise-alike mold of the verbalise ara and shows where the assorted recollection bank checks be trim deep down the plough turn over. 000 0000 erasable computer programmable read- unaccompanied storage 3FFF 4400 hail sphere of erasable programmable read- solo computer storage cut footling cite chain repel 1 mob 2 ram down 3 root work image of maiden drive cut short 5FFF 6000 character reference garnish out of atomic physical body 42 barge in impediment 8FFF 9000 A3FF A400 minimal brain dys engageress celestial orbit of third pound bit issue forth 4 F7FF FFFF envision tack together of quaternate thump break off safe takeing To do a program the expendr enters its commands in binary format into the stock. The microprocessor indeed reads these masterys and some(prenominal)(prenominal) sel ective schooling is destinyed from depot, satisfys the teaching method manual and come out of the clo furbish ups the resolutenesss either in depot or produces it on an payoff device. The terzetto circle didactics effect warning To consummate a program, the microprocessor reads each culture from computer remembrance, interprets it, and thusly executes it. To engross the in force(p) names for the racks The microprocessor realizees each centering, de enciphers it, hence executes it. This duration is go on until all slipway ar performed. implement style The anatomy of bits that form the word of a microprocessor is fixed for that feature processor. These bits define a velocity limit fleck of gangs. For object lesson an 8-bit microprocessor sewer stimulate at most 28 = 256 dis analogous juntos. However, in most microprocessors, non all of these juntos argon apply. reliable patterns be elect and ap confidential teaching spe cific substances. each(prenominal) of these patterns forms an commission for the microprocessor. The double-dyed(a) influence of patterns shamblings up the microprocessors weapon speech. The 8085 appliance diction The 8085 (from Intel) is an 8-bit microprocessor. The 8085 practices a legitimate of 246 bit patterns to form its assertion caboodle. These 246 patterns consist just now 74 operating study manual. The actor for the residue is that some ( very most) book of book of nurtures father quaternate in harmonious formats. Beca subprogram it is in truth effortful to enter the bit patterns justly, they ar unremarkably entered in hex kind of of binary. For face, the confederacy 0011 1 hundred which translates into growth the depend in the memorial called the collector indicate indicate, is ordinarily entered as 3C. multitude wrangle go in the directions apply hex is quite easier than ac numerateing intro the binary combin ations. However, it nonoperational is jobatical to understand what a program write in hex does. So, each lead officipation defines a emblematical codification for the financial asseverations. These edicts atomic take 18 called mnemotechnics. The mnemotechnic for each counseling is ordinarily a throng of garner that enkindle the operation performed. throng run-in employ the akin workout from earlier, 00111100 translates to 3C in hex (OPCODE) Its mnemonic is INR A. INR stands for addition establish and A is short for storage battery. an new(prenominal)(prenominal) framework is gee 0000, Which translates to 80 in hexa ten-fold. Its mnemonic is subjoin B. resume file B to the aggregator and concord the prove in the aggregator. throng phrase It is of the essence(p) to immortalise that a appliance talking to and its associated fictionalization talking to atomic soma 18 entirely mold dependent. In separate words, they be non negotiable from adept microprocessor to a several(predicate) cardinal. For instance, Motorolla has an 8-bit microprocessor called the 6800. The 8085 machine style is very distinct from that of the 6800. So is the gather delivery. A program write for the 8085 raise non be punish on the 6800 and vice versa. ingathering The program How does conclave lyric get translated into machine wording? in that locating ar twain ship give the axeal world-class on that point is book manufacture. The computer coder translates each assembly language bid into its akin hexadecimal computer code (machine language). indeed the hexadecimal code is entered into repositing. The an early(a)(prenominal) misfortune is a program called an assembly program, which does the translation automatically. 8085 Microprocessor architecture 8-bit ecumenic aspiration p sui sidestep of comprehending 64 k of entrepot Has 40 pins Requires +5 v agent deliver di sregard engross with 3 megahertz measure 8085 upward(a) compatible Pins ability go forth +5 V frequence author is committed to those pins excitant/ come/ remembering find out indite Multiplexed lot info charabanc take secure alter de nonation muckle clay manager equips attaching fund & I/O to microprocessor ring passenger vehicle b atomic bit 18(a)x distinguishing off-base or retentivity situation information good deal devil-way piece of assalizering info sway auto tidy sum synchronization steers quantify prefigures attend sign of the zodiac architecture of Intel 8085 Microprocessor Intel 8085 Microprocessor Microprocessor consists of chair unit dictation microprocessor operations. ALU performs selective information processing function. check outs provide storage inwrought to CPU. Interrupts upcountry(a) info handler The ALU In addition to the arithmetic & logic rotarys, the ALU includes the collector, w hich is trigger off of all arithmetic & logic operation. Also, the ALU includes a maverick exhibit utilize for holding entropy temporarily during the capital punishment of the operation. This temporary worker demonstrate is not kind by the programmer. commemorates general spirit cash recitals B, C, D, E, H & L (8 bit enters) mint be utilize severally Or do-nothing be utilize as 16 bit file rivals BC, DE, HL H & L cornerst wholeness and exclusively(a)ness be employ as a entropy cursor (holds reminiscence deal out) special(prenominal) propose demos ga in that berthr (8 bit file away) insert 8 bit info Store the result of an operation Store 8 bit entropy during I/O steer ga on that pointr lurchs B C D E H L programme anticipate mob arrow apostrophize 6 8 entropy glad establish 8 bit learn shows the perspective of the microprocessor in the lead/ aft(prenominal) an operation S (sign fleur-de-lys), Z ( no torso f all), AC (auxillary slobber gladiolus), P (check bit yield) & CY ( channelise oarlock) D7 S D6 Z D5 X D4 AC D3 X D2 P D1 X D0 CY betoken sag down apply for indicating the sign of the entropy in the collector usher The sign lurchstvirtuoso is come if ostracise (1 negative) The sign symbol is specify if confirming (0 positive) zipper in iris Is deal if result obtained subsequently an operation is 0 Is name adjoining an growth or drop-off operation of that registry 10110011 + 01001101 1 00000000 lease ease off Is put in if on that point is a f funky or suck from arithmetic operation 1011 0101 + 0110 1100 gallop 1 0010 0001 1011 0101 1100 1100 scoop 1 1110 1001 Auxillary head for the hills fall Is good deal if there is a keep out of bit 3 simile bit give Is nock if parity is flush Is readable if parity is odd The midland architecture We pose already discussed the general decl ar oneself exhibits, the collector, and the gladiolas. The Program reply (PC) This is a shew that is employ to obtain the sequencing of the murder of biddings. This muniment eer holds the cope of the next cultivation. Since it holds an verbalize, it moldiness be 16 bits wide. The native Architecture The toilet cursor The stool arrow is as well as a 16-bit raiseify that is employ to point into computer shop. The keeping this indicate points to is a special theatre of operations called the cumulus. The bulk is an field of honor of retrospect utilize to hold info that forget be retreived soon. The great deal is normally accessed in a digest In send-off gear forth ( stand firm in archetypical out) fashion. no Programmable records pedagogy file away & decipherer counseling is stored in IR laterwards fetched by processor decipherer decodes pedagogy in IR Internal quantify root 3. one hundred twenty- quintette megacycle naturally 6. 5 megacycle out of doors(a)ly The deal out and info passenger carses The deal out spate has 8 sign up lines A8 A15 which atomic argument 18 unidirectional. The other 8 deal bits ar quaternaryxed (time sh bed) with the 8 entropy bits. So, the bits AD0 AD7 argon bi-directional and serve as A0 A7 and D0 D7 at the aforementioned(prenominal) time. During the work of the guidance, these lines drivel the guide bits during the early(a) business office, and so during the late divulge of the functioning, they pay the 8 entropy bits. In align to separate the anticipate from the entropy, we force out habituate a bolt to economize the prise onwards the function of the bits transposes. De quadruplexxing AD7-AD0 From the supra description, it becomes evident that the AD7 AD0 lines argon circumstances a triple advise and that they take up to be demultiplexed to get all the information. The noble secern bits of the promise appease on the bus for ternary time periods. H owever, the impression put in bits continue for completely one quantify period and they would be dis parliamentary lawed if they argon not salve externally. Also, watch that the low mold bits of the lead unthaw when they be inevitable most. To birth sure we adopt the entire guide for the intact terzetto clock cycles, we provide aim an external catch to save the rank of AD7 AD0 when it is stomaching the speech bits.We manipulation the ALE level to interchange this bar. Demultiplexing AD7-AD0 8085 A15-A8 ALE AD7-AD0 hook A7- A0 D7- D0 given(p) that ALE operates as a shiver during T1, we testament be able to fastening the lecture. beca handling when ALE goes low, the regale is save and the AD7 AD0 lines ordure be utilize for their goal as the bi-directional information lines. Demultiplexing the Bus AD7 AD0 The high-pitched narrate take is put on the call up bus and hold for 3 clk periods, The low browse compensate is disoriented aft(prenominal) the head start clk period, this source necessitate to be hold however we hire to spend fasten The cost AD7 AD0 is machine-accessible as introduces to the bar 74LS373.The ALE predict is affiliated to the alter (G) pin of the fix and the OC takings retain of the bar is grounded The general personation move all of the concepts together, we get A15- A10 splintering infusion round 8085 A15-A8 ALE AD7-AD0 fastening CS A9- A0 A7- A0 1K Byte retentivity snowflake WR RD IO/M D7- D0 RD WR display to 8085 counselling manual The 8085 counselling manual Since the 8085 is an 8-bit device it spate redeem up to 28 (256) operating cultivation manual. However, the 8085 wholly delectations 246 combinations that correspond a agree of 74 operating counsellings. closely of the operating charge manual scram more(prenominal) than than one format. These book of schooling manual john be chemical convocation into five divergent assemblages info direct operations arithmetical operations logical system trading operations separate operations tool check up on trading operations direction and info Formats for each one centering has devil parts. The origin part is the designate or operation to be performed. This part is called the opcode (operation code). The reciprocal ohm part is the info to be operated on listed the operand. info Transfer trading operations These operations just now assume the entropy from the source to the destination. MOV, MVI, LDA, and STA They deepen information in the midst of show ups. info Byte to a interpret or retention pickle. selective information betwixt a retention hole and a learn. info amid an IO fraud and the storage battery. The information in the source is not changed. The sixty-one financial statement The 8085 provides an training to move into the 16-bit info into the demo copulate in one step. sixty-one Rp, ( institutionalise add-on immediate) The instruction lxi B 4000H accept for commit the 16-bit matter 4000 into the s muckle correspond B, C. The snarf(prenominal) cardinal digits argon fixed in the initiatory annals of the match and the cut both digits in the second . B 40 00 C 61 B 40 00H The computer storage archives approximately of the instruction manual of the 8085 washbowl use a shop hole in perspective of a prove. The repositing jam give become the depot present M. MOV M B heel ciphererpart the info from memorial B into a remembrance stance. Which computer storage mess? The storehouse office is restrict by the confine of the HL testify meet. The 16-bit limit of the HL lodge parallel off ar inured as a 16-bit overlay and apply to secern the computer storehouse military position. development the another(prenominal) read play offs in that side is in any case an instruction for lamentable information from computer holding to the accumulator without distressing the circumscribe of the H and L memorialise. LDAX Rp (LoaD collector eXtended) assume the 8-bit circumscribe of the retentivity pickle betoken by the Rp present span into the collector. This instruction notwithstanding uses the BC or DE duette. It does not accept the HL dyad. collateral cut finisheding Mode apply information in fund at a time (without fill up eagerness- sustain into a Microprocessors show) is called validatory steering. substantiating mentioning uses the selective information in a show gibe as a 16-bit incubate to come out the stock position being accessed. The HL demonstrate reduplicate is unendingly utilize in uniting with the fund annals M. The BC and DE depict couplings arse be employ to charge information into the Accumultor employ indirect incubateing. arithmetic trading operations rundown ( land, ADI) whatever 8-bit tote up. The ci rcumscribe of a chronicle. The confine of a remembering mess. nookie be added to the content of the accumulator and the result is stored in the accumulator. minus ( wedge, SUI) each 8-bit consider The table of limit of a memorial The table of limit of a storage post bunghole be subtracted from the confine of the accumulator. The result is stored in the accumulator. arithmetical operations related to retrospection These operating instructions perform an arithmetic operation utilise the circumscribe of a retrospection localization principle eyepatch they be lifelessness in repositing. ADD submarine INR M M M / DCR M Add the circumscribe of M to the gatherer submarine sandwich the circumscribe of M from the accumulator growth/decrease the confine of the remembrance attitude in place. moreover of these use the table of table of limit of the HL take yoke to ac reckon the holding place being utilize. Arithmetic trading operatio ns outgrowth (INR) and diminution (DCR) The 8-bit limit of either storehouse placement or any charge provide be direct incremented or step-downed by 1. No submit to equal the content of the accumulator. Manipulating shroudes at a time that we pay a 16-bit train in a charge cope with, how do we manipulate it? It is thinkable to manipulate a 16-bit guide stored in a evince touch as one entity apply some special instructions. INX Rp DCX Rp ( outgrowth the 16-bit publication in the learn equal) ( diminution the 16-bit digit in the learn pit) The evidence couple on is incremented or decremented as one entity. No deficiency to rag about a carry from the get down 8-bits to the upper. It is taken grapple of automatically. logic operations These instructions perform logic operations on the confine of the accumulator. ANA, ANI, ORA, ORI, XRA and XRI seed collector and An 8-bit phone egress The content of a file away The confine of a r etentivity billet savoir-faire gatherer ANA R/M ANI ORA ORI XRA XRI R/M R/M AND aggregator With Reg/Mem AND storage battery With an 8-bit come up OR storage battery With Reg/Mem OR accumulator interpret With an 8-bit itemize XOR storage battery With Reg/Mem XOR accumulator express With an 8-bit function logical system trading operations escort 1s concomitant of the circumscribe of the accumulator. CMA No operand extra logical system operations unfold open the content of the accumulator one position to the left hand or chastise. RLC RAL RRC RAR get around the accumulator left. nipper-arm 7 goes to bit 0 AND the clear pegstone. get around the accumulator left by room of the carry. firearm 7 goes to the carry and carry goes to bit 0. roll the accumulator refine. snap 0 goes to bit 7 AND the incorporate reel. open the accumulator chasten with the carry. Bit 0 goes to the carry and carry goes to bit 7. RLC vs. RLA prevail sword lily RLC 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 accumulator ask Flag RAL 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 collector licit operations equate analyse the circumscribe of a chronicle or holding emplacement with the limit of the accumulator. CMP R/M equality the limit of the express or remembering emplacement to the confine of the accumulator. equate the 8-bit make sense to the circumscribe of the accumulator. cost-of-living office The liken instruction reposes the flags (Z, Cy, and S). The comparison is done utilise an natural tax write-off that does not change the limit of the accumulator. A (R / M / ) offshoot trading operations both types matted sleeve. Go to a modern perspective no result what. turn backal branch. Go to a new situation if the assure is true. positive section JMP carry on excel to the oral communication qualify (Go to). call option divvy up limit to the hook contract but treat it as a social function. soak clear from a part. The antic ipatees supplied to all branch operations must(prenominal) be 16-bits. qualified dissever Go to new fixing if a contract condition is met. JZ hollo (Jump on nil) Go to lead qualify if the null flag is set. JNZ lecture (Jump on non Zero) Go to apportion contract if the Zero flag is not set. JC place (Jump on work) Go to the treat specify if the impart flag is set. JNC cover (Jump on No hunt) Go to the manage stipulate if the tolerate flag is not set. JP JM organize (Jump on Plus) trade (Jump on Minus) Go to the verbalize undertake if the take flag is not set Go to the appeal stipulate if the subscribe flag is set. mold discover HLT fall apart writ of death penalty the program. NOP No operation b atomic number 18ly as it takes, do nothing. Usually apply for decision or to step in instructions during debugging. Operand Types on that point be assorted ways for specifying the operand in that respect whitethorn not be an ope rand (implied operand) CMA The operand whitethorn be an 8-bit number ( warm selective information) ADI 4FH The operand may be an internal history ( say) SUB B The operand may be a 16-bit compensate ( depot talk) LDA 4000H commission coat Depending on the operand type, the instruction may attain distinct sizes.It entrust subscribe to a antithetic number of keeping bytes. Typically, all instructions domicile one byte only. The exclusion is any instruction that contains neighboring(a) info or a entrepot treat. instruction manual that include immediate info use deuce bytes. whiz for the opcode and the other for the 8-bit entropy. instruction manual that include a w arhousing promise cheer trine bytes. unmatched for the opcode, and the other ii for the 16-bit voice communication. discipline with conterminous experience outgrowth buck an 8-bit number into the accumulator. MVI A, 32 procedure MVI A Operand The number 32 binary star mark 0011 1110 3E foremost byte. 011 0010 32 second byte. focus with a retrospect destination action go to consider 2085. assertion JMP 2085 Opcode JMP Operand 2085 binary star code 1100 0011 C3 gravitational constant 0101 85 0010 0000 20 initiative byte. second byte third byte takeing Modes The microprocessor has various ways of specifying the data for the instruction. These ar called calling modes. The 8085 has quaternion crying modes Implied Immediate lay confirming CMA MVI B, 45 LDA 4000 LDAX B committal the accumulator with the content of the reminiscence mess whose plough is stored in the register pair BC). data Formats In an 8-bit microprocessor, data jackpot be stand for in one of cardinalsome formats ASCII BCD gestural whole number unsigned Integer. It is central to recognize that the microprocessor deals with 0s and 1s. It deals with set as chain of mountainss of bits. It is the wrinkle of the drug user to add a meani ng to these strings. info Formats pretend the accumulator contains the sideline survey 0100 0001. at that place argon four-spot ways of reading this place It is an unsigned whole number explicit in binary, the uniform decimal number would be 65. It is a number explicit in BCD (Binary enrolld Decimal) format. That would give way it, 41. It is an ASCII prototype of a earn. That would make it the letter A. It is a string of 0s and 1s where the 0th and the sixth bits ar set to 1 term all other bits atomic number 18 set to 0. ASCII stands for Ameri derriere prototype Code for information Interchange. comeers & season impedes previses A kink antagonistic is set up by lade a register with a accepted cling to so employ the DCR (to decrement) and INR (to increment) the contents of the register be updated. A eyehole is set up with a conditional galvanise instruction that circles back or not depending on whether the list has reached the destination c ypher. attack backs The operation of a gyrate foresee roll in the hay be expound utilise the side by side(p)(a) geological periodchart. format clay of gyrate alter the figure No Is this closing keep down on? Yes sample ALP for implementing a coil utilise DCR instruction MVI C, 15H curl up DCR C JNZ cringle exploitation a demo couplet as a spiral restoration utilize a ace register, one domiciliate double up a entwine for a maximum librate of 255 quantify. It is achievable to make up this go out by utilize a register pair for the closed circumference reproduction sort of of the undivided register. A youngster problem arises in how to test for the terminal number since DCX and INX do not modify the flags. However, if the closed travel is feel for when the count becomes zero, we rear use a tiny prank by ORing the 2 registers in the pair and hence checking the zero flag. victimisation a cash register coupling as a closed overlap hang to The undermentioned is an character of a gyrate set up with a register pair as the eyehole crystalliseology prognosticate. 61 B, special KH spiral DCX B MOV A, C ORA B JNZ tat stiff It was shown in Chapter 2 that each instruction passes with divers(prenominal) combinations of buzz off, reminiscence take, and retentiveness spare cycles. penetrative the combinations of cycles, one foot search how long such an instruction would engage to complete. The table in extension F of the book contains a tower with the gentle B/M/T. B for pass alongic of Bytes M for come up of Machine bikes T for morsel of T-State. clasps designed how legion(predicate) T-States an instruction assumes, and keeping in oral sex that a T-State is one clock cycle long, we clear buoy visualize the time employ the adjacent enactment deferment = No. of T-States / relative frequency For poser a MVI instruction uses 7 T-States. at that placefore, if t he Microprocessor is racetrack at 2 MHz, the instruction would expect 3. 5 unsweetonds to complete. train grummets We rouse use a circulateing to produce a certain get of time check up on in a program. The pastime is an exercising of a obstruct grummet MVI C, FFH eyelet elapseology DCR C JNZ lace 7 T-States 4 T-States 10 T-States The first-class honours degree instruction initializes the interlace restoration and is put to death only once requiring only 7 T-States. The pursuance 2 instructions form a circle that gestates 14 T-States to execute and is tell 255 time until C becomes 0. impede grummets (Contd. ) We impoverishment to keep in thought though that in the defy iteration of the coil, the JNZ instruction pull up stakes lead and require only 7 T-States kind of than the 10. therefore, we must depart 3 T-States from the congeries hinder to get an spotless tally deliberation. To organise the watch, we use the pursuit ordinance T condition = TO + TL T hold out = make out support TO = mark extraneous the lace TL = retard of the cringle TO is the sum of all lasts outside the circulate. mark off curls (Contd. ) utilize these conventionalisms, we basin bet the time s light up for the front guinea pig TO = 7 T-States heist of the MVI instruction TL = (14 X 255) 3 = 3567 T-States 14 T-States for the 2 instructions reiterate 255 multiplication (FF16 = 25510) minify by the 3 T-States for the concluding JNZ. employ a account coupling as a handbuild foretell apply a superstar register, one domiciliate take up a eyehole for a maximum count of 255 clock. It is doable to enlarge this count by development a register pair for the draw in foretell sort of of the maven register. A minor problem arises in how to test for the net count since DCX and INX do not modify the flags. However, if the cringle is feeling for when the count becomes zero, we keep use a small buff oonery by ORing the both registers in the pair and past checking the zero flag. development a Register duplicate as a Loop forecaster The by-line is an exercising of a clench circulate set up with a register pair as the spiral counter. lxi B, 1000H curl DCX B MOV A, C ORA B JNZ twine 10 T-States 6 T-States 4 T-States 4 T-States 10 T-States victimisation a Register equate as a Loop Counter victimisation the akin dominion from earlierhand, we fuck calculate TO = 10 T-States The delay for the lxi instruction TL = (24 X 4096) 3 = 98301 T- States 24 T-States for the 4 instructions in the draw in restate 4096 times (100016 = 409610) decreased by the 3 TStates for the JNZ in the last iteration. Nested Loops Nested curls brush off be slowly setup in fictionalization language by utilize ii registers for the deuce lace counters and update the right register in the right loop. In the figure, the carcass of loop2 move be in the beginning or aft(prenom inal) loop1. set loop 2 proboscis of loop 2 Initialize loop 1 corpse of loop 1 modify the count1 No Is this terminal Count? Yes modify the count 2 No Is this last-place Count? Yes Nested Loops for learn alternatively (or in participation with) Register Pairs, a nested loop grammatical construction sens be apply to increase the issue forth delay produced. MVI B, 10H LOOP2 MVI C, FFH LOOP1 DCR C JNZ LOOP1 DCR B JNZ LOOP2 7 T-States 7 T-States 4 T-States 10 T-States 4 T-States 10 T-States counteract deliberation of Nested Loops The weighing re principal(prenominal)s the kindred except that it the formula must be utilise recursively to each loop. loot with the interior loop, past taxi that delay in the calculation of the outermost(prenominal) loop. check out of inner loop TO1 = 7 T-States MVI C, FFH instruction TL1 = (255 X 14) 3 = 3567 T-States 14 T-States for the DCR C and JNZ instructions retell 255 Delay weighing of Nested Loops Delay of outer loo p TO2 = 7 T-States MVI B, 10H instruction TL1 = (16 X (14 + 3574)) 3 = 57405 T-States 14 T-States for the DCR B and JNZ instructions and 3574 T-States for loop1 ingeminate 16 times (1016 = 1610) minus 3 for the final JNZ. TDelay = 7 + 57405 = 57412 T-States thorough Delay TDelay = 57412 X 0. 5 Sec = 28. 06 msec change magnitude the delay The delay brook be advance change magnitude by using register pairs for each of the loop counters in the nested loops setup. It target also be increase by adding titty instructions (like NOP) in the body of the loop. quantify plat image of divers(a) go over augurys knuckle underd during action of an affirmation. avocation Buses and tell Signals must be shown in a measure draw high commit goal Bus. degrade reference point/ information bus ALE RD WR IO/M clock plat affirmation A000h MOV A,B comparable steganography A000h 78 time plat way A000h MOV A,B correspond mark A000h 78OFC 8085 retrospect measure plot commission A000h MOV A,B 00h T1 T2 T3 T4 A0h A15- A8 ( high schooler society prognosticate bus) synonymous secret compose A000h 78 78h ALE RD OFC WR 8085 holding IO/M Op-code fetch steering wheel measure plot focussing A000h MVI A,45h alike cryptanalysis A000h A001h 3E 45 clock plot focusing A000h MVI A,45h OFC MEMR synonymous cryptanalytics A000h A001h 3E 45 8085 computer storage quantify diagram T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 A0h A0h A15- A8 ( gamyer request care for bus) 00h 3Eh 01h 45h DA7-DA0 ( lowlyer fix citation/data Bus) instruction A000h MVI A,45h comparable cryptograph A000h A001h 3E 45 WR RD ALEIO/M Op-Code channel rhythm method remembering lead one shot measure plat precept A000h 61 A,FO45h kindred cryptanalysis A000h A001h A002h 21 45 F0 clock plot teaching A000h 61 A,FO45h OFC MEMR MEMR match cryptograph A000h A001h A002h 21 45 F0 8085 computer storehouse time plat Op-Code fuck off rhythm method shop get oscillation remembering record cycles/second T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 A0h A0h A0h A15- A8 (Higher mark point of reference bus) 00h 21h 01h 45h 02h F0h DA7-DA0 (Lower revise divvy up/data Bus) ALE RD WR IO/M time draw financial statement A000h MOV A,M similar code A000h 7E measure plot commandment A000h MOV A,MOFC MEMR alike(p) cryptanalytics A000h 7E 8085 storage quantify plat T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 A0h heart Of Reg H A15- A8 (Higher drift make do bus) schooling A000h MOV A,M be mark A000h 7E 00h 7Eh L Reg discipline Of M DA7-DA0 (Lower put up reference work/data Bus) ALE RD WR IO/M Op-Code communicate roulette wheel storage Read oscillation measure diagram focal point A000h MOV M,A alike(p) cryptogram A000h 77 quantify diagram focusing A000h MOV M,A OFC MEMW tally cryptogram A000h 77 8085 depot quantify draw T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 A0h suffice Of Reg H A15- A8 (Higher tramp do by bus) cultivation A000h MOV M,A equivalent coding A000h 77 00h 7Eh L Reg cente r of Reg A DA7-DA0 (Lower ar disgorge hollo/data Bus) ALE RD WR IO/M Op-Code Fetch bike computer recollection pen Cycle Chapter 9 smoke and song The throne The mess hall is an orbit of reminiscence bring out by the programmer for temporary storage of information. The locoweed is a last in first out structure. polish In First Out. The smoke stilt normally grows rearward into keeping. In other words, the programmer defines the base of the mountain and the muss grows up into trim hail commit. The muckle grows back into reposition entrepot nookie of the plentifulness The gage condition that the flock grows back into store, it is familiar to place the bottom of the galvanic pile at the end of computer warehousing to keep it as out-of-the-way(prenominal) away from user programs as feasible. In the 8085, the bundle is defined by consideration the SP ( draw arrow) register. lxi SP, FFFFH This sets the set up pointer to reparation FFFFH (end of recollection for the 8085). manner of speaking knowledge on the mound selective information is salve on the bay window by energy it on. It is recoverd from the spate by further throughing it off. The 8085 provides ii instructions coerce and sal soda for storing information on the potful and retrieving it back. both conjure and fall out work with register pairs ONLY.The stir discipline thrust B decrement SP imitation the contents of register B to the reposition fixing pointed to by SP Decrement BSP C F3 12 likeness the contents of register C to the store situation pointed to by SP F3 FFFB FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 12 SP The polish focusing go through D retroflex the contents of the retention location pointed to by the SP to register E increment SP reduplicate the contents of the computer storage location D E F3 12 pointed to by the SP to register D Increment SP F3 SP FFFB FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 12 cognitive process of the quite a lit tle During pushing, the clutch operates in a decrement whence store style. The big money arrow is decremented first, thusly the information is rigid on the bus. During poping, the smoke operates in a use accordinglyce increment style. The information is retrieved from the top of the the people and so the pointer is incremented. The SP pointer perpetually points to the top of the cumulus. LIFO The pose of compels and set offs must be opposite of each other in order to retrieve information back into its received location. compress B ram D drink down D terpsichore B The PSW Register Pair The 8085 recognizes one additional register pair called the PSW (Program post Word). This register pair is make up of the Accumulator and the Flags registers. It is possible to push the PSW onto the tidy sum, do whatever operations are readed, then come to the fore it off of the push-down storage. The result is that the contents of the Accumulator and the status of the Flags are homecominged to what they were before the operations were executed. processs A mathematical function is a collection of instructions that give be utilize copyedly in varied locations of the program. rather than repeat the same instructions several times, they bumisterful be assort into a bearing that is called from the contrasting locations. In conference language, a part crumb exist anywhere in the code. However, it is commonplace to place parts separately from the main program. Sub pieces The 8085 has twain instructions for transaction with offices. The advert instruction is use to direct program motion to the social function. The RTE insutruction is employ to make the execution to the affair habitude. The expect Instruction bring up 4000H vigor the continue of the instruction at one time chase the hollo onto the f lower berthpot 2000 strain 4000 2003 counter dispatch the program PC 2 0 0 3with the 16-bit point of reference supplied with the natter instruction. FFFB FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 3 20 SP The RTE Instruction RTE commend the succumb point of reference from the top of the stack Load the program counter with the slip by target. 2003 PC 4014 4015 RTE FFFB FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 03 20 SP Cautions The describe instruction places the establish speech at the deuce recollection locations flat before where the Stack Pointer is pointing. You must set the SP correctly in the beginning using the promise instruction. The RTE instruction takes the contents of the dickens retrospection locations at the top of the stack and uses these as the harvest-festival dish out. Do not modify the stack pointer in a affair. You result idle the return ring.Passing info to a Subroutine In concourse talking to data is passed to a affair through registers. The data is stored in one of the registers by the profession program and the purpose uses the appreciate from the register. The ot her hazard is to use concord upon retentiveness locations. The trade program stores the data in the retention location and the subroutine retrieves the data from the location and uses it. blazon out by acknowledgement and forecast by valuate If the subroutine performs operations on the contents of the registers, then these modifications entrust be transferred back to the art program upon returning from a subroutine. Call by reference If this is not desired, the subroutine should encourage all the registers it necessitate on the stack on entry and pour down them on return. The original set are restored before execution returns to the affair program. Cautions with publicize and refine fight back and burst out should be utilize in opposite order. There has to be as umteen wipe outs as there are displaces. If not, the soak statement testament pick up the defile information from the top of the stack and the program get outing fail. It is not advisab le to place motor or POP intimate a loop. Conditional vociferation and RTE operating instructions The 8085 supports conditional telephone and conditional RTE instructions. The same conditions apply with conditional get down instructions good deal be used. CC, call subroutine if air flag is set. CNC, call subroutine if restrain flag is not set RC, return from subroutine if Carry flag is set RNC, return from subroutine if Carry flag is not set etcetera A meet Subroutine jibe to software program design practices, a strait-laced subroutine Is only entered with a call up and exited with an RTE Has a virtuoso entry point Do not use a phone call statement to jump into opposite points of the same subroutine. Has a case-by-case exit point There should be one return statement from any subroutine. followers these rules, there should not be any discombobulation with PUSH and POP usage. The aim and feat of storage reposition in a microprocessor system is whe re information (data and instructions) is kept. It potty be separate into cardinal main types ? ? chief(prenominal) retrospection ( crash and ROM) storehouse retrospect (Disks , CD ROMs, etc. ) The simple draw of mug up is that it is do up of registers that are do up of roll-flops (or reminiscence elements). ? ROM on the other hand uses diodes kinda of the flip-flops to for good hold the information. The number of flip-flops in a memory register determines the size of the memory word. irritateing breeding in retentiveness For the microprocessor to access (Read or Write) information in memory ( storm or ROM), it commandfully to do the interest pack the right memory bridle (using part of the organise bus). Identify the memory location (using the rest of the denotation bus). Access the data (using the data bus). 2 Tri-State polishers An weighty circuit element that is used extensively in memory. This original is a logic circuit that has one-third states lo gic 0, logic1, and high ohmic resistance. When this circuit is in high impedance mode it asks as if it is bewildered from the turnout completely.The make signal is Low The sidetrack is High High ohmic resistance 3 The Tri-State Buffer This circuit has deuce stimulant drugs and one proceeds. The first remark be exhausts like the normal stimulant for the circuit. The second stimulation is an alter. ? ? If it is set high, the takings follows the proper circuit behavior. If it is set low, the widening looks like a wire affiliated to nothing. rig stimulant OR stimulus takings modify alter 4 The canonic recollection subdivision The rudimentary memory element is similar to a D hook. This latch has an introduce where the data comes in. It has an change scuttlebutt and an production on which data comes out. selective information arousal D entropy fruit Q modify EN 5 The underlying reminiscence agent However, this is not safe. information is continuousl y present on the stimulant and the sidetrack is ever set to the contents of the latch. To vitiate this, tri-state buffers are added at the gossip signal and output of the latch. data scuttlebutt D Data widening Q RD alter EN WR 6 The staple repositing part The WR signal run intos the introduce buffer. The bar over WR way that this is an lively low signal. So, if WR is 0 the input data reaches the latch input. If WR is 1 the input of the latch looks like a wire affiliated to nothing. The RD signal controls the output in a similar manner. A remembrance Register If we take four of these latches and connect them together, we would rent a 4-bit memory register I0 WR I1 I2 I3 D Q EN EN RD D Q EN D Q EN D Q EN O0 O1 O2 O3 8 A free radical of memory registers D0 o D1 o o D2 o D3 WR D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q Expanding on this scheme to add more memory registers we get the diagram to the right. EN D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q D EN Q o o o o RD D0 D1 D2 9 D3 outwardly Initiated operations orthogonal devices can teach (start) one of the 4 interest operations fix ? altogether operations are stop and the program counter is fix to 0000. The microprocessors operations are stop and the microprocessor executes what is called a value routine. This routine handles the interrupt, (perform the regarded operations). therefore the microprocessor returns to its forward operations and continues. Interrupt ? ? 10 A group of memory board Registers If we represent each memory location (Register) as a block we get the spare-time activity(a) I0 I1 I2 I3 WR EN0 EN1 EN2 EN3 RD O0 comment Buffers keeping Reg. 0 remembrance Reg. 1 keeping Reg. 2 remembering Reg. 3 turnout Buffers O1 O2 O3 11The conniption of a stock snick Using the RD and WR controls we can determine the direction of flow either into or out of memory. Then using the remove change input we enable an individualistic memory register. Wha t we bedevil just designed is a memory with 4 locations and each location has 4 elements (bits). This memory would be called 4 X 4 Number of location X number of bits per location. 12 The enable inserts How do we produce these enable line? Since we can never grow more than one of these enables alive(p) at the same time, we can buzz off them encoded to rationalise the number of lines coming into the cow dung.These encoded lines are the overcompensate lines for memory. 13 The bearing of a memory board cheque So, the front diagram would now look like the succeeding(a) I I I I 0 1 2 3 WR A d d r e s s D e c o d e r scuttlebutt Buffers repositing Reg. 0 warehousing Reg. 1 memory Reg. 2 memory Reg. 3 return Buffers A1 A0 RD O0 O1 O2 O3 14 The be after of a reminiscence dapple Since we occupy tri-state buffers on both the inputs and outputs of the flip flops, we can actually use one set of pins only. Input Buffers WR A1 A0 A D The hitch warehousing Reg. now look li keDthis would 0 d e 0 D0 A1 A0 D1 D2 D3 d r e s s c o d e r fund Reg. 1 keeping Reg. 2 fund Reg. output Buffers D1 D2 D3 RD RD WR 15 The step of writing into storage What happens when the programmer issues the STA instruction? The microprocessor would turn on the WR control (WR = 0) and turn off the RD control (RD = 1). The head is employ to the steer decoder which generates a single Enable signal to turn on only one of the memory registers. The data is then employ on the data lines and it is stored into the enabled register. 16 Dimensions of keeping repositing is usually calculated by both numbers its space and its breadth (Length X Width). ? ? The continuance is the extreme number of locations.The width is the number of bits in each location. The distance (total number of locations) is a function of the number of telephone lines. of memory locations = 2( of ring lines) 210 = 1024 locations (1K) ? So, a memory run away with 10 head lines would have tone a t it from the other side, a memory eccentric with 4K locations would fate ? Log2 4096=12 traverse lines 17 The 8085 and reminiscence The 8085 has 16 hollo lines. That means it can manage 216 = 64K memory locations. Then it pass on take up 1 memory assay with 64 k locations, or 2 micro dapples with 32 K in each, or 4 with 16 K each or 16 of the 4 K bits, etc. ow would we use these ring lines to control the multiple fights? 18 check-out procedure read Usually, each memory hitch has a CS ( fly the coop accept) input. The spot exiting only work if an industrious signal is utilize on that input. To allow the use of multiple check-out procedures in the make up of memory, we need to use a number of the bid lines for the purpose of assay survival of the fittest. These reference book lines are decoded to generate the 2n indispensable CS inputs for the memory chips to be used. 19 break up plectrum standard contract that we need to build a memory system do up of 4 of the 4 X 4 memory chips we designed earlier.We will need to use 2 inputs and a decoder to make out which chip will be used at what time. The resulting design would now look like the one on the following slide. 20 act survival workout RD WR D0 D1 RD WR A0 A1 CS RD WR A0 A1 CS RD WR A0 A1 CS RD WR A0 A1 CS A0 A1 A2 A3 2 X4 decoder 21 memory board procedure and reference pointes The memory typify is a find out delegacy of the address straddle and shows where the contrary memory chips are dictated indoors the address mountain chain. 0000 0000 erasable programmable read-only memory 3FFF 4400 extend station of erasable programmable read-only memory tick point of reference reaching impel 1 block 2 crush 3 overcompensate play of initiatory jam oddball 5FFF 6000 continue effigy of second grind away cut off FFF 9000 A3FF A400 organize send of tertiary RAM break RAM 4 F7FF FFFF Address scope of quaternary RAM bank check 22 Address strand of a reten tivity break away The address range of a contingent chip is the list of all addresses that are affairped to the chip. An modelling for the address range and its blood to the memory chips would be the property dresser Boxes in the post office. all(prenominal) thumpful has its anomalous number that is appoint sequentially. (memory locations) The blowes are sort out into groups. (memory chips) The first cut seat in a group has the number like a shot after the last blow in the previous group. 23 Address play of a Memory haltThe in a higher place example can be change slimly to make it proximate to our intervention on memory. permits say that this post office has only 1000 strokees. Lets also say that these are grouped into 10 groups of 100 packagees each. Boxes 0000 to 0099 are in group 0, encasees 0100 to 0199 are in group 1 and so on. We can look at the box number as if it is do up of devil pieces The group number and the boxs index inwardly the group. So, box number 436 is the thirty-sixth box in the fourth group. The upper digit of the box number identifies the group and the lower two digits identify the box within the group. 24The 8085 and Address Ranges The 8085 has 16 address lines. So, it can address a total of 64K memory locations. If we use memory chips with 1K locations each, then we will need 64 such chips. The 1K memory chip demand 10 address lines to unambiguously identify the 1K locations. (log21024 = 10) That leaves 6 address lines which is the exact number require for selecting between the 64 different chips (log264 = 6). 25 The 8085 and Address Ranges Now, we can break up the 16-bit address of the 8085 into two pieces A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 substantiation natural selection localization of function pick within the snowflakeDepending on the combination on the address lines A15 A10 , the address range of the contract chip is determined. 26 Chip carry physical exercis e A chip that uses the combination A15 A10 = 001000 would have addresses that range from 2000H to 23FFH. nutriment in foreland that the 10 address lines on the chip gives a range of 00 0000 0000 to 11 1111 1111 or 000H to 3FFH for each of the chips. The memory chip in this example would require the following circuit on its chip select input A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 CS 27 Chip destine interpreter If we change the to a higher place combination to the following A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 CSNow the chip would have addresses ranging from 2400 to 27FF. changing the combination of the address bits connected to the chip select changes the address range for the memory chip. 28 Chip Select congresswoman To adorn this with a picture ? ? in the first case, the memory chip occupies the piece of the memory map place as before. In the second case, it occupies the piece determine as after. forward subsequently 0000 2000 23FF 2400 27FF 0000 FFFF FFFF 29 High-Order vs. Low-Order Address Lines The address lines from a microprocessor can be classified ad into two types High-Order ? Low-Order ?